Vol 4, No 4 (2014)

Apoptosis as immunomodulating form of cell death plays a stabilizing role in maintaining optimal number of cells in an organism. The biological essence of cell death in infectious diseases is poorly reflected, and the concept of negative and positive values of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of diseases is presented ambiguously. The review focuses on the classical caspase-dependent apoptosis of innate and adaptive immunity cells, whose reactivity is associated with the initiation of infectious processes. Some causative agents of bacterial and viral infections can be triggers or inhibitors of apoptosis in a eukaryotic host cell, avoiding the factors of the immune system. In severe infectious diseases that occur with the development of sepsis, a fatal importance has the massive apoptotic loss of lymphocytes expressed lymphocyte apoptosis that leads to immunodeficiency states and the majority of patients corresponds to premortem decrease in circulating lymphocytes. Further studies on the identification of the molecular elements whereby pathogenic agents cause the cell death effort to develop new therapeutic approaches, including inhibition of apoptosis, to prevent the progression of severe courses of infections.

Wide distribution of urogenital mycoplasmas in the population, the high frequency of carrier state and a long asymptomatic course of disease, the lack of specific clinical symptoms making the diagnosis impossible without using of special laboratory tests. The review focuses on indications for mycoplasma infection screening and for an appointment
of antibiotic therapy. The most commonly used laboratory diagnostic methods of urogenital infections, associated with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp., with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are described.

In the present study the functional role of the mutR regulatory protein gene of Streptococcus pyogenes (emm12) was studied. The mutR gene was inactivated in the strains no. 97 and no. 152 by insertional mutagenesis. Inactivation of the mutR gene was found to affect the dynamic and characteristics of bacterial growth in liquid medium. Expression of secreted nucleases was significantly lower in the mutant strains compared to the wild-type strains. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass-spectrometry revealed differences in expression of number of the proteins in mutant strains
compared to the wild-type strains. Inactivation of the mutR gene negatively affected capacity of S. pyogenes to adhere to human epithelial cells. Finally, the virulence properties of the no. 152[mutR] mutant strains were found to be 4,7-fold less compared to the strain no. 152, while the no. 97[mutR] mutant strain became avirulent compared to the strain no. 97 due to insertional inactivation of the mutR gene.

The assessment of immunological indicators in 76 first time diagnosed infiltrative tuberculosis of lungs in socially safe patients prior to treatment and in 2 months of chemotherapy was carried out. It is revealed that immunological disorders are connected with efficiency of tuberculosis treatment . It can be criterion of quality of provided chemotherapy. The activation of cell immunity, stimulation of phagocytosis activity of neutrophils would contribute for effective treatment of tuberculosis.

Incidences of influenza and acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI) in the Kyrgyz Republic were analyzed taking in account results of virological testing, routine and sentinel surveillance data. A behavioral study in a population group selected with the method of systematic sampling (N = 226) using a special questionnaire has been conducted. In the period of 2008–2013 3750 ARVI patients were tested by molecular-genetical methods for influenza virus and
303 patients also were tested for parainfluenza, rhino-, denoviruses, respiratory-syncytial virus, metapneumovirus and bocavirus. ARVI incidence rate in the epidemic season 2012–2013 in sentinel sites were 2.8 times higher than routine surveillance data for the same period. The results of the behavioral study demonstrated that 34.5% of the population had influenza in the epidemic season while according to routine surveillance data the same rate was only 4.8%. In addition, only 15.5% of the population who had influenza symptoms asked medical aid. It was found that increase in incidence
in November 2009 was caused by influenza virus А (H1N1)pdm.

The «in vitro method» for expression of toxin-production by phenotypically non-toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae containing the “silent” toxin gene has been developed. The method can be characterised as rapid, economical, not demanding use of experimental animals, available to practical and scientific laboratories. Optimal conditions using this method were defined: nutrient mediums, frequency rate of passages, which provided restoration of toxin production. This method allowed to restore toxin-production in 10 out of 18 tested strains of C. diphtheriae with the “silent” toxin gene. Moreover, there was an increase of toxin roduction of by C. ulcerans and C. diphtheriae var. intermedius to the level allowing to detect toxin in the standard tests. The phenotype of a toxin-producing was defined by the Elek-test and ICS (immunechromatography set).