Vol 2, No 3 (2012)

Abstract. Besides the multiple hydrolytic enzymes, lysosomes are equipped with proteins apt to activate sphyngo-lipids — saposins (SAP). SAP belong to a broad and diverse family of moderate-size (~80 AA) saposin-like proteins (SAPLIP) containing specific domains with three disulfid e bonds bridging six cysteine residues. The diversity of SAPLIPS is likely explained by their involvement in distinct phases of engulfed bacteria digesting. Functionally similar SAPLIP were identified in a wide range of species — from amoeba to mammals, including humans. Saposins per se form a subfamily with six members: saposins A-D and the protein GM2 which possesses activatory functions. SAP do not have enzymatic activity, are heat-stable and protease resistant. The major in vivo function of SAP is released via participation in sphyngolipid catabolism and membrane digestion. In addition, complex association of SAP with membrane bi-layer and CD1 glycolipids is essential for loading lipid antigens onto antigen-presenting CD1 molecules for subsequent activation of lipid-specific T-cells. Of particular interest is participation of SAP in cross-presentation of bacterial antigens to CD8+ T-cells. A broad spectrum of SAP and SAPLIP involvement in the reactions of innate and adaptive immunity indicates their evolutionary conserved role in host defense.

Abstract. The agent of Q-fever Coxiella burnetii is unusual intracellular pathogen which is possessed of biggest transporting and metabolic abilities in compare with microorganisms with similar parasitic strategy. It is supposed that different strains of the pathogen exist in various stages of pathological adaption and have different potential of virulence. The structure of C. burnetii genome, characteristics of metabolic routes, mechanisms of interaction with host cells and possible virulence factors are discussed in the review. The special attention is paid to Coxiella genotyping methods and possible correlations between genomic polymorphism of different strains and their virulence potential.

Abstract. The modern data concerning peculiarities of immune reactions in eye-bulbe tissues in general are presented in the article. The aspects of immune response (including cytokines system) in different eye pathologies are highlighted. The existing data on normal and pathogenic microflora of conjunctive and its possible influence on immune processes in eye-bulbe are summarized.

Abstract. «Efficacy» of pathogens interaction with the immunity system is manifested by broad spreading of many bacterial infections including tuberculosis first of all and in activation of known and emergent pathogens. The refined mechanisms of avoiding of bacteria from recognizing by immune system as creation of obstacles for phagocytosis and intracellular killing, using of secretory systems like “syringe” for inoculation into host cells deregulated substances, suppression or enhancing of inflammatory response, activation of inhibitory receptors to suppress respiratory explosion in phagosome, decreasing of synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines by influences to inflammasomes, stimulation of cytokines production suppres sed of innate response, damage of key molecules on intracellular signal routes, manipulation with apoptosis and auto phagia with the aim of surviving and replication inside the host cells, blocking of processing and presentation of bacterial antigens have been evolutionary developed. The study of interaction between host and parasite allows to understand new facts characterized “logic of live being” on the pathogen level and to use their mechanisms of evasion for resolving of actual problems raised in human society, for example, development of original vaccines and principally new drugs for immune system correction in case of diseases such as oncogenic tumors, autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as infectious diseases which are difficult to prevent and treat. Moreover, it was proved that permanent interaction with microorganisms including pathogenic ones is useful for human being because bacterial substances “train” immune system of people and assist its evolutionary improvement.

Abstract. The attempts to decrease a toxic action of Freund complete adjuvant have led to development of new emulsion adjuvant compositions. More often they are based on metabolizable oil (squalene) with addition the Tween 80 (Polisorbate 80) as an emulsifier. The third component is an immunomodulator. Adjuvants, intended for prevention of virus infections, should include the immunomodulators polarizing the immune response to Th1. From this point of view adjuvant based on a colloidal solution prepared by means of the Tween 80 from polyprenyl phasphates of fir needles (Phosprenyl) can be rather perspective. The last one, as well as squalene, is constructed by isoprene links, but has them not 6, but 16 that essentially reduces its toxicity. The obtained data shows that Phosprenyl essentially enhances efficiency of vaccination in such virus infections as tick born encephalitis, bird flu, poliomyelitis and polarizes the immune response to Th1.

Abstract. Several endogenic and synthetic peptides were investigated in order to reveal their antibacterial activity. The study of dose-depended effects of antibacterial activity of the immunotropic peptide ZP-2, which is included in GM-CSF active center, shown significant antibacterial activity of ZP-2 by action range and by rate of bactericidal activity in case of low concentration. Combined application of substance derived from supernatant of CD34+CD45-cells and synthetic peptide ZP-2 enhances significantly actions of each other. Probably, this effect is connected with various mechanisms of their influence on bacteria. The obtained facts indicate that synthetic peptide has not only immunostimulating action but it also promotes a direct antibacterial activity. These data support an idea that synthetic peptides have good perspectives in case of development new antibacterial drugs with unique characteristics.

Abstract. The results of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory investigation of outbreak of exanthemic infection occurred in the Lomonosov district of Leningrad oblast in May, 2012 are presented in this article. The clinical diagnosis of parvoviral infection was laboratory confirmed by specific IgM antibodies detection in patients’ sera by ELISA. It is emphasized the importance of virological monitoring for viral infections on the stage of measles elimination and sporadic level of rubella cases.