IMPACT OF VIRUSES AND RETROTRASPOSONS ON GENETIC INSTABILITY AND AGING



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Abstract

Preventive medicine has a promising potential for delaying and even preventing dangerous age-related pathologies. The development of new vaccination methods, new preventive medications, cardiovascular implants and early diagnostic methods has increased life expectancy both in Russia and worldwide. Age-dependent genetic instability causes the increased risk of developing a number of age-associated diseases. One of the results of genetic instability is the accumulation of senescent cells in all tissues of the body. Senescent cells lose functional activity, replacing normal cells, and are characterized by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, creating a chronic inflammatory background, which is the main characteristic of aging. Genetic instability is associated with an increase in the activity of endogenous retroviruses, retrotransposons. Additionally, exogenic viruses and bacteria are able to damage the genetic apparatus of the cell and cause of disruption of transcription, translation and reparation. The review discusses new approaches to decrease the risk of age-associated pathologies via control of genetic instability and viral infections. The review discusses the mechanisms of control of genetic instability. Among the consequences of disruption of such mechanisms are the development of proliferative, neurodegenerative diseases, cellular senescence and their contribution to chronic inflammation. Antiviral medications and substances that suppress the activity of endogenous reverse transcriptases are proposed as promising preventive agents for suppressing age-related genetic instability. Although such substances are already used in the clinic to control the human immunodeficiency virus, there are currently no medications that can be taken on a permanent basis without serious side effects. In this regard, it is especially important to develop new generation medications that could be used as preventive agents and would meet the requirements of efficacy and safety, with minimal side effects. The development of effective and safe substances that can remove senescent cells (senolytics) or block the secretion of proinflammatory factors (senomorphics) is discussed as a promising direction in the prevention of age-associated pathologies. Another perspective method for preventing genetic instability and accumulation of senescent cells is the search for highly specific targets and the development of immunization approaches that allow the immune system to remove damaged and senescent cells with increased genetic instability. The proposed approaches can prolong health span and reduce the burden on the healthcare system.

About the authors

Elena Vasilevna Lysakova

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: helena.llysakova@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2462-8762
SPIN-code: 2410-5147
Scopus Author ID: 57812502700

Postgraduate student, Junior Staff Scientist, Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine

Россия, Olympic Avenue, 1, Sirius, Krasnodar Region, Russian Federation

Marina Burak

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: marina.burak188@mail.ru

Мaster’s degree student

Россия, Olympic Avenue, 1, Sirius, Krasnodar Region, Russian Federation

Maxim Navrotsky

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: navrotskij.mb@talantiuspeh.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5432-1326
SPIN-code: 6391-5080
Scopus Author ID: 8572306200

PhD, Head, Medical Chemistry group, Division of Medical Biotechnology

Россия, Olympic Avenue, 1, Sirius, Krasnodar Region, Russian Federation

Stanislav Aleksandrovich Rybtsov

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Author for correspondence.
Email: rybtsov.sa@talantiuspeh.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7786-1878
SPIN-code: 6950-3981
Scopus Author ID: 55930817000

PhD, Head, Resource Center for Cell Technologies and Immunology

Россия, Olympic Avenue, 1, Sirius, Krasnodar Region, Russian Federation

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