MODERN APPROACHES TO LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF RICKETTSIAL DISEASES

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Abstract. We present a concise review of contemporary laboratory methods for diagnosis of rickettsioses with special emphasis on diseases known in Russian Federation. Classic and emerging rickettsioses are transmitted by a diverse and expanding group of arthropod vectors including ticks, fleas, lice and mites. While epidemiological and clinical clues can provide information important for initial suspicion of rickettsial infection, sensitive and specific laboratory methods are necessary for providing probable or confirmed diagnosis of the rickettsial infection. Accurate and rapid confirmation of rickettsial infection is important for ensuring proper clinical care and prompt initiation of antibiotic therapy. Correct identification of the etiology of rickettsial diseases is also important for early identification of clustered cases, novel foci of infections, and for timely initiation of public health responses to these potentially fatal infections.

About the authors

M. E. Eremeeva

Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA

Author for correspondence.
Email: meremeeva@georgiasouthern.edu

PhD, MD (Biology), Associate Professor, Director of the Public Health Core Laboratory

JPH COPH, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA

 

США

S. N. Shpynov

N.F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow

Email: meremeeva@georgiasouthern.edu
PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of Laboratory of Ecology of Rickettsiae Россия

N. K. Tokarevich

St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg

Email: meremeeva@georgiasouthern.edu
PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of Laboratory of Zoonoses, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Россия

References

  1. Антонов Н.И., Найштат А.Г. Сыпная клещевая лихорадка ДВК // Дальневосточный медицинский журнал. — 1936. — Вып. 5. — С. 77–86. Antonov N.I., Nayshtat A.G. Sypnaya kleshchevaya likhoradka DVK [Tick spotted fever DVK]. Dal`nevostochnyy meditsinskiy zhurnal — Far Eastern Journal of Medicine, 1936, iss. 5, pp. 77–86.
  2. Арсеньeва И.В., Гранитов В.М., Шпынов С.Н. Сибирский клещевой тиф в Алтайском Крае: клинико-лабораторная диагностика // Дальневосточный журнал инфекционной патологии. — 2012. — № 20. — С. 28–33. Arsen`eva I.V., Granitov V.M., Shpynov S.N. Sibirskiy kleshchevoy tif v Altayskom Krae: kliniko-laboratornaya diagnostika [Siberian tick typhus in Altai Krai: clinico-laboratory diagnostics]. Dal`nevostochnyy zhurnal infektsionnoy patologii — Far East Journal of Infectious Pathology, 2012, no. 20, pp. 28–33.
  3. Балашов Ю.С., Дайтер А.Б. Кровососущие членистоногие и риккетсии. — Л.: Наука, 1973. — 249 c. Balashov Yu.S., Dayter A.B. Krovososushchie chlenistonogie i rikketsii [Bloodsucking arthropods and ricketsiae]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1973, 249 p.
  4. Гафарова М.Т., Вербенец Е.А. Эпидемиологические особенности и клинические проявления марсельской лихорадки в Севастополе // Инфекционный контроль. — 2013. — № 3–4. — С. 37. Gafarova M.T., Verbenets E.A. Epidemiologicheskie osobennosti i klinicheskie proyavleniya marsel`skoy likhoradki v Sevastopole [Epidemiological characterstics and clinicals manifestations of Marseilles fever in Sevastopol]. Infekcionnyj kontrol’ — Infection Control, 2013, no. 3–4, p. 37.
  5. Глушакова Л.И., Корабельникова И.В., Терновой В.А., Протопопова Е.В., Микрюкова Т.П., Кононова Ю.В., Коновалова С.Н., Тупота Н.Л., Карташов М.Ю., Чаусов Е.В., Локтев В.Б., Егорова Ю.И. Выявление возбудителей заболеваний в Ixodes persulcatus на территории Республики Коми // Сибирский медицинский журнал. — 2012. — № 4. — С. 88–91. Glushakova L.I., Korabel`nikova I.V., Ternovoy V.A., Protopopova E.V., Mikryukova T.P., Kononova Yu.V., Konovalova S.N., Tupota N.L., Kartashov M.Yu., Chausov E.V., Loktev V.B., Egorova Yu.I. Vyyavlenie vozbuditeley zabolevaniy v Ixodes persulcatus na territorii respubliki Komi [Loktev V.B., Egorova Yu.I. Detection of pathogenic agents in Ixodes persulcatus from Komi Republic]. Sibirskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal — Siberian Journal of Medicine, 2012, no. 4, pp. 88–91.
  6. Иголкина Я.П., Фоменко Н.В., Ливанова Н.Н., Асеанин В.Б., Гостева Л.А., Черноусова Н.Я., Рар, В.А. Выявление различных видов риккетсий у иксодовых клещей, в крови людей и мелких млекопитающих на юге Западной Сибири и на Урале // Бюллетень сибирской медицины. — 2006. — Прил. 1. — С. 121–125. Igolkina Ya.P., Fomenko N.V., Livanova N.N., Aseanin V.B., Gosteva L.A., Chernousova N.Ya., Rar, V.A. Vyyavlenie razlichnykh vidov rikketsiy u iksodovykh kleshchey, v krovi lyudey i melkikh mlekopitayushchikh na yuge Zapadnoy Sibiri i na Urale [Detection of different species of rickettsiae in ixodid ticks, human blood and small animals from the south of Western Siberia and Ural]. Byulleten` sibirskoy meditsiny — Bulletin of Siberian Medicine, 2006, suppl. 1, pp. 121–125.
  7. Козлова И.В., Дорощенко Е.К., Лисак О.В., Джиоев Ю.П., Верхозина М.М., Демина Т.В., Рар В.А., Ткачев С.Е., Фоменко Н.В., Сунцова О.В., Черноиванова О.О., Парамонова А.И., Ревизор А.О., Злобин В.И. Видовое и генетическое разноообразие возбудителей клещевых инфекций на территории Восточной Сибири // Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра СО РАМН. — 2012. — № 2. — С. 75–82. Kozlova I.V., Doroshchenko E.K., Lisak O.V., Dzhioev Yu.P., Verkhozina M.M., Demina T.V., Rar V.A., Tkachev S.E., Fomenko N.V., Suntsova O.V., Chernoivanova O.O., Paramonova A.I., Revizor A.O., Zlobin V.I. Vidovoe i geneticheskoe raznooobrazie vozbuditeley kleshchevykh infektsiy na territorii Vostochnoy Sibiri [Species and genetic variety of tick infections pathogens on the territory of the Eastern Siberia]. Biulleten’ Vostochno-Sibirskogo nauchnogo tsentra SO RAMN — Bulletin of East Siberian Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of RAMS, 2012, no. 2, pp. 75–82.
  8. Козлова И.В., Злобин В.И., Верхозина М.М., Дигас С.Э., Хаснатинов М.А., Шулунов С.С., Аитов К.А., Беликов С.И., Лисак О.В., Дорощенко Е.К. Актуальные аспекты изучения и профилактики клещевого риккетсиоза в Прибайкалье // Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра СО РАМН. — 2007. — № 3, прил. 55. — С. 99–105. Kozlova I.V., Zlobin V.I., Verkhozina M.M., Digas S.E., Hasnatinov M.A., Shulunov S.S., Aitov K.A., Belikov S.I., Lisak O.V., Doroshchenko E.K. Aktual`nye aspekty izucheniya i profilaktiki kleshchevogo rikketsioza v Pribaykal`e [Topical aspects in studies and profilactics of tick-borne rickettsiosis in Pribaikalye region]. Biulleten’ Vostochno-Sibirskogo nauchnogo tsentra SO RAMN — Bulletin of East Siberian Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of RAMS, 2007, no. 3, suppl. 55, pp. 99–105.
  9. Лобан К.М., Лобзин Ю.В., Лукин Е.П. Риккетсиозы человека (руководство для врачей). — М.: Элби, 2002. — 473 c. Loban K.M., Lobzin Yu.V., Lukin E.P. Rikketsiozy cheloveka (rukovodstvo dlya vrachey)[Human Rickettsioses (guide for physicians)]. Moscow: Elbi, 2002, 473 p.
  10. Лысковцев М.М. Клещевой риккетсиоз. — М.: Meдгиз, 1963. — 276 с. Lyskovtsev M.M. Kleshchevoy rikketsioz [Tickborne rickettsiosis]. Moscow: Medgiz, 1963, 276 p.
  11. Милль Е.И. Клещевая лихорадка в Приморье // Дальневосточный медицинский журнал. — 1936. — Вып. 3. — С. 54–56. Mill` E.I. Kleshchevaya likhoradka v Primor`e [Tickborne fever in Maritime region]. Dal`nevostochnyy meditsinskiy zhurnal — Far Eastern Medical Journal, 1936, iss. 3, pp. 54–56.
  12. Нефедова В.В., Коренберг Э.И., Ковалевский Ю.В., Горелова Н.Б., Воробьева Н.Н. Микроорганизмы порядка Rickett-siales у таежного клеща (Ixodes persulcatus Sch.) в Предуралье // Вестник РАМН. — 2008. — № 7. — С. 47–50. Nefedova V.V., Korenberg E.I., Kovalevskiy Yu.V., Gorelova N.B., Vorob`eva N.N. Mikroorganizmy poryadka Rickettsiales u taezhnogo kleshcha (Ixodes persulcatus Sch.) v Predural`e [Microorganisms of the order Rickettsiales in taiga tick (Ixodes persulcatus Sch.) from the Pre-Ural region]. Vestnik RAMN — Vestnik of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2008, no. 7, pp. 47–70.
  13. Пуховская Н.М., Рар В.А., Иванов Л.И., Высохина Н.П., Иголкина Я.П., Фоменко Н.В., Зарайченкова Н.В., Орешкина С.Г., Мальцева И.П., Чистов В.А., Чечикова В.А. ПЦР детекция возбудителей инфекций, передающихся клещами на Камчатке // Медицинская паразитология и паразитарные болезни. — 2010. — № 4. — С. 36–39. Pukhovskaya N.M., Rar V.A., Ivanov L.I., Vysokhina N.P., Igolkina Ya.P., Fomenko N.V., Zaraychenkova N.V., Oreshkina S.G., Mal`tseva I.P., Chistov V.A., Chechikova V.A. PTSR detektsiya vozbuditeley infektsiy, peredayushchikhsya kleshchami na Kamchatke [PCR detection of infectious agents transmitted by ticks in Kamchatka]. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni — Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2010, no. 4, pp. 36–39.
  14. Российская Федерация, Санитарно-эпидемиологические правила. СП 1.3.1318-03. Порядок выдачи санитарно-эпидемического заключения о возможности проведения работ с возбудителями инфекционных заболеваний человека 1–4 групп патогенности (опасности), генноинженерно-модифицированными микроорганизмами, ядами биологического происхождения и гельминтами. — М., 2003. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, Sanitarno-epidemiologicheskie pravila. SP 1.3.1318-03. Poryadok vydachi sanitarno-epidemicheskogo zaklyucheniya o vozmozhnosti provedeniya rabot s vozbuditelyami infektsionnykh zabolevaniy cheloveka 1–4 grupp patogennosti (opasnosti), gennoinzhenerno-modifitsirovannymi mikroorganizmami, yadami biologicheskogo proiskhozhdeniya i gel`mintami [Russia Federation, Sanitary-Epidemiological Regulations. SP 1.3.1318-03. The procedure for issuing sanitary-epidemiological conclusions about the possibility of working with agents of human infectious diseases of 1–4 pathogenicity groups (hazard), genetically modified micro-organisms, toxins of biological origin and helminthes]. Moscow, 2003.
  15. Рудаков Н.В., Оберт А.С. Клещевой риккетсиоз. — Омск, 2001. — 120 с. Rudakov N.V., Obert A.S. Kleshchevoy rikketsioz [Tickborne rickettsiosis]. Omsk, 2001, 120 p.
  16. Рудаков Н.В., Шпынов С.Н., Ястребов В.К., Самойленко И.Е., Кумпан Л.В., Решетникова Т.А., Абрамова Н.В., Коломеец А.Н. Основные итоги разработки проблемы риккетсиозов, передающихся иксодовыми клещами, в России // Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. — 2012. — № 5 (66). — С. 29–33. Rudakov N.V., Shpynov S.N., Yastrebov V.K., Samoylenko I.E., Kumpan L.V., Reshetnikova T.A., Abramova N.V., Kolomeets A.N. Osnovnye itogi razrabotki problemy rikketsiozov, peredayushchikhsya iksodovymi kleshchami, v Rossii [The present state of the problem of tick-borne rickettsioses in Russia]. Epidemiologiya i vaktsinoprofilaktika — Epidemiology and Prophylactic Vaccination, 2012, vol. 66, no. 5, pp.29–33.
  17. Самойленко И.Е., Рудаков Н.В., Якименко В.В. Результаты экспериментальных исследований взаимодействия Rickettsia sibirica с клещами // Природноочаговые инфекции человека; под ред. Н.В. Рудакова. — Омск: Омский научно-исследовательский институт природноочаговых инфекций, 1996. — С. 204–208. Samoylenko I.E., Rudakov N.V., Yakimenko V.V. Rezul`taty eksperimental`nykh issledovaniy vzaimodeystviya Rickettsia sibirica s kleshchami. Prirodnoochagovye infektsii cheloveka. Pod red. N.V. Rudakova [Results of experimental studies of Rickettsia sibirica interactions with ticks. Human infections with natural foci.Ed.by Rudakov N.V.]. Omsk: Omsk Research Institute of Natural Foci Infections Publishing House, 1996, pp. 204–208.
  18. Ушаков А.В., Степанова Т.Ф., Пекло Г.Н. Экологическая база для комбинации натуральных очагов лептоспироза, клещевого энцефалита и клещевого боррелиоза в экосистемах северной лесостепной подзоны в Тюменской области // Медицинская паразитология и паразитарные болезни. — 2007. — № 2. — С. 12–17. Ushakov A.V., Stepanova T.F., Peklo G.N. Ekologicheskaya baza dlya kombinatsii natural`nykh ochagov leptospiroza, kleshchevogo entsefalita i kleshchevogo borrelioza v ekosistemakh severnoy leso-stepnoy podzony v Tyumenskoy oblasti [Ecological basis for combining natural foci of leptospirosis, tick encephalitis and tick borreliosis in ecosystems of northern forest-steppe subzonne in Tyumen region]. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnye bolezni — Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2007, no. 2, pp. 12–17.
  19. Чаусов Е.В., Терновой В.А., Протопопова Е.В., Коновалова С.Н., Кононова Ю.В., Першикова Н.Л., Москвитина Н.С., Романенко В.Н., Иванова Н.В., Большакова Н.П., Москвитин С.С., Коробицын И.Г., Гашков С.И., Тютеньков О.Ю., Куранова В.Н., Кравченко Л.Б., Сучкова Н.Г., Агулова Л.П., Локтев В.Б. Генетическое разнообразие инфекционных агентов, переносимых иксодовыми клещами в г. Томске и его пригородах // Паразитология. — 2009. — № 43. — С. 374–388. Chausov E.V., Ternovoy V.A., Protopopova E.V., Konovalova S.N., Kononova Yu.V., Pershikova N.L., Moskvitina N.S., Romanenko V.N., Ivanova N.V., Bol`shakova N.P., Moskvitin S.S., Korobitsyn I.G., Gashkov S.I., Tyuten`kov O.Yu., Kuranova V.N., Kravchenko L.B., Suchkova N.G., Agulova L.P., Loktev V.B. Geneticheskoe raznoobrazie infektsionnykh agentov, perenosimykh iksodovymi kleshchami v g. Tomske i ego prigorodakh [Genetic diversity of infectious agents transmitted by ixodid ticks in Tomsk and its suburbs]. Parazitologiya – Parazitologia, 2009, no. 43. pp. 374–388.
  20. Шматиков М.Д., Велик М.А. Клещевая сыпная лихорадка // Клиническая медицина. — 1939. — Вып. 17. — С. 124–126. Shmatikov M.D., Velik M.A. Kleshchevaya sypnaya likhoradka [Tick-borne spotted fever]. Klinicheskaya meditsina — Clinical Medizine, 1939, iss. 17, pp. 124–126.
  21. Шпынов С.Н., Parola P., Рудаков Н.В., Самойленко И.Е., Танкибаев М.А., Тарасевич И.В., Raoult D., Ковалев Н.Г., Чубиро М.И., Гаврилов А.П. Распространение риккетсий группы клещевой пятнистой лихорадки на территории России и Казахстана и их экологические связи с клещами рода Dermacentor // Природноочаговые болезни человека. Республиканский сборник научных работ, посвященных 80-летию Омского НИИПИ. — Омск, 2001. — C. 69–75. Shpynov S.N., Parola P., Rudakov N.V., Samoylenko I.E., Tankibaev M.A., Tarasevich I.V., Raoult D., Kovalev N.G., Chubiro M.I., Gavrilov A.P. Rasprostranenie rikketsiy gruppy kleshchevoy pyatnistoy likhoradki na territorii Rossii i Kazakhstana i ikh ekologicheskie svyazi s kleshchami roda Dermacentor [Disribution of the spotted fever group rickettsiae on the territory of Russia and Kazakhstan and their associations with ticks of the genus Dermacentor]. Prirodnoochagovye bolezni cheloveka. Respublikanskiy sbornik nauchnykh rabot, posvyashchennykh 80-letiyu Omskogo NIIPI [Human diseases with natural foci. National Proceedings of scientific publications for 80th anniversary of Omsk Research Institute of natural Foci Infections]. Omsk, 2001, pp. 69–75.
  22. Шпынов С.Н., Арсеньева И.В., Гранитов В.М., Рудаков Н.В. Клещевой риккетсиоз в Алтайском крае: эпидемиологические аспекты, молекулярно-биологическая верификация // Сибирский медицинский журнал. — 2008. — № 7. — С. 43–46. Shpynov S.N., Arsen`eva I.V., Granitov V.M., Rudakov N.V. Kleshchevoy rikketsioz v Altayskom krae: epidemiologicheskie aspekty, molekulyarno-biologicheskaya verifikatsiya [Tick-borne rickettsiosis in the Altay region: epidemiological aspects, molecular-biological confirmation]. Sibirskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal — Siberian Journal of Medicine, 2008, no. 7, pp. 43–46.
  23. Шпынов С.Н., Рудаков Н.В., Ястребов В.К., Леонова Г.Н., Хазанова Т.Г., Егорова Н.В., Борисова О.Н., Прейднер В.П., Безруков Г.В., Fournier P.E., Raoult D. Первое выявление Rickettsia heilongjiangensis в клещах Haemophysalis concinna на территории России // Здоровье населения и среда обитания. — 2003. — № 12. — С. 16–20. Shpynov S.N., Rudakov N.V., Yastrebov V.K., Leonova G.N., Hazanova T.G., Egorova N.V., Borisova O.N., Preydner V.P., Bezrukov G.V., Fournier P.E., Raoult D. Pervoe vyyavlenie Rickettsia heilongjiangensis v kleshchakh Haemophysalis concinna na territorii Rossii [First detection of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis in Haemophysalis concinna ticks from Russia]. Zdorov`e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya — Population Health and Habitat, 2003, no. 12, pp. 16–20.
  24. Шулунов С.С., Хаснатинов М.А., Дачникoва Г.А., Козлова И.В., Адельшин Р.В., Беликов С.И. Разнообразие риккетсий в иксодовых клещах на территории Прибайкалья // Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра СО РАМН. — 2007. — № 1 (53). — С. 83–85. Shulunov S.S., Hasnatinov M.A., Dachnikova G.A., Kozlova I.V., Adel`shin R.V., Belikov S.I. Raznoobrazie rikketsiy v iksodovykh kleshchakh na territorii Pribaykal`ya [Diversity of rickettsiae in ixodes ticks in Baikal area]. Biulleten’ Vostochno-Sibirskogo nauchnogo tsentra SO RAMN — Bulletin of East Siberian Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of RAMS, 2007, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 83–85.
  25. Adams J.R., Schmidtmann E.T., Azad A.F. Infection of colonized cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), with a rickettsia-like microorganism. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 1990, vol. 43, pp. 400–409.
  26. Anderson B.E., Tzianabos T. Comparative sequence analysis of a genus-common rickettsial antigen gene. J. Bacteriol., 1989, vol. 171, pp. 5199–5201.
  27. Ando S., Kurosawa M., Sakata A., Fujita H., Sakai K., Sekine M., Katsumi M., Saitou W., Yano Y., Takada N., Takano A., Kawabata H., Hanaoka N., Watanabe H., Kurane I., Kishimoto T. Human Rickettsia heilongjiangensis infection, Japan. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2010, vol. 16, pp. 1306–1308.
  28. Azad A.F. Epidemiology of murine typhus. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 1990, vol. 35, pp. 553–569.
  29. Azad A.F., Radulovic S., Higgins J.A., Noden B.H., Troyer J.M. Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 1997, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 319–327.
  30. Bechah Y., Capo C., Mege J.L., Raoult D. Epidemic typhus. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 417–426.
  31. .13Boretti F.S., Perreten A., Meli M.L., Cattori V., Willi B., Wengi N., Hornok S., Honegger H., Hegglin D., Woelfel R., Reusch C.E., Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Molecular investigations of Rickettsia helvetica infection in dogs, foxes, humans, and Ixodes ticks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2009, vol. 75, no. 10, pp. 3230–3237.
  32. Brouqui P., Bacellar F., Baranton G., Birtles R.J., Bjoersdorff A., Blanco J.R., Caruso G., Cinco M., Fournier P.E., Francavilla E., Jensenius M., Kazar J., Laferl H., Lakos A., Lotric Furlan S., Maurin M., Oteo J.A., Parola P., Perez-Eid C., Peter O., Postic D., Raoult D., Tellez A., Tselentis Y., Wilske B. Guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2004, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1108–1132.
  33. Carl M., Tibbs C.W., Dobson M.E., Paparello S., Dasch G.A. Diagnosis of acute typhus infection using the polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis., 1990, vol. 161, no. 4, pp. 791–793.
  34. Chao C.C., Zhang Z., Wang H., Alkhalil A., Ching W.M. Serological reactivity and biochemical characterization of methylated and unmethylated forms of a recombinant protein fragment derived from outer membrane protein B of Rickettsia typhi. Clin. Vac. Immunol., 2008, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 684–690.
  35. Chapman A.S., Bakken J.S., Folk S.M., Paddock C.D., Bloch K.C., Krusell A., Sexton D.J., Buckingham S.C., Marshall G.S., Storch G.A., Dasch G.A., McQuiston J.H., Swerdlow D.L., Dumler S.J., Nicholson W.L., Walker D.H., Eremeeva M.E., Ohl C.A. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis — United States: a practical guide for physicians and other healthcare and public health professionals. MMWR Rec. Rep., 2006, vol. 55, RR-4, pp. 1–27.
  36. Ching W.M., Wang H., Jan B., Dasch G.A. Identification and characterization of epitopes on the 120-kilodalton surface protein antigen of Rickettsia prowazekii with synthetic peptides. Infect. Immun., 1996, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1413–1439.
  37. Civen R., Ngo V. Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 913–918.
  38. Clements M.L., Dumler J.S., Fiset P., Wisseman C.L., Jr., Snyder M.J., Levine M.M. Serodiagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever: comparison of IgM and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and indirect fluorescent antibody test. J. Infect. Dis., 1983, vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 876–880.
  39. Dietrich D., Uhl B., Sailer V., Holmes E.E., Jung M., Meller S., Kristiansen G. Improved PCR performance using template DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues by overcoming PCR inhibition. PLoS One., 2013, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. e77771.
  40. Doudier B., Olano J., Parola P., Brouqui P. Factors contributing to emergence of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. as human pathogens. Vet. Parasitol., 2010, vol. 167, no. 2–4, pp. 149–154.
  41. Edouard S., Gonin K., Turc Y., Angelakis E., Socolovschi C., Raoult D. Eschar and neck lymphadenopathy caused by Francisella tularensis after a tick bite: a case report. J. Med. Case. Rep., 2011, vol. 5, pp. 108.
  42. Elghetany M.T., Walker D.H. Hemostatic changes in Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Mediterranean spotted fever. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 1999, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 159–168.
  43. Eremeeva M., Yu X., Raoult D. Differentiation among spotted fever group rickettsiae species by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1994, vol. 32, pp. 803–810.
  44. Eremeeva M.E., Balayeva N.M., Raoult D. Serological response of patients suffering from primary and recrudescent typhus: comparison of complement fixation reaction, Weil-Felix test, microimmunofluorescence, and immunoblotting. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 1994, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 318–324.
  45. Eremeeva M.E., Beati L., Makarova V.A., Fetisova N.F., Tarasevich I.V., Balayeva N.M., Raoult D. Astrakhan fever rickettsiae: antigenic and genotypic analysis of isolates obtained from human and Rhipicephalus pumilio ticks. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 1994, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 697–706.
  46. Eremeeva M.E., Bosserman E.A., Demma L.J., Zambrano M.L., Blau D.M., Dasch G.A. Isolation and identification of Rickettsia massiliae from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected in Arizona. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2006, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 5569–5577.
  47. Eremeeva M.E., Dasch G.A., Silverman D.J. Evaluation of a PCR assay for quantitation of Rickettsia rickettsii and closely related spotted fever group rickettsiae. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 5466–5472.
  48. Eremeeva M.E., Dasch G.A. Closing the gaps between genotype and phenotype in Rickettsia rickettsii. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2009, vol. 1166, pp. 12–26.
  49. Eremeeva M.E., Oliveira A., Moriarity J., Robinson J.B., Tokarevich N.K., Antyukova L.P., Pyanyh V.A., Emeljanova O.N., Ignatjeva V.N., Buzinov R., Pyankova V., Dasch G.A. Detection and identification of bacterial agents in Ixodes persulcatus Schulze ticks from the north western region of Russia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 2007, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 426–436.
  50. Eremeeva M.E. Molecular epidemiology of rickettsial diseases in North America. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 2012, vol. 3, no. 5–6, pp. 332–337.
  51. Fenollar F., Raoult D. Molecular genetic methods for the diagnosis of fastidious microorganisms. APMIS, 2004, vol. 112, no. 11–12, pp. 785–807.
  52. Ferrari F.A., Goddard J., Moraru G.M., Smith W.E., Varela-Stokes A.S. Isolation of “Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae” (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in embryonic cells of naturally infected Amblyomma maculatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol., 2013, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1118–1125.
  53. Fournier P.E., Allombert C., Supputamongkol Y., Caruso G., Brouqui P., Raoult D. Aneruptive fever associated with antibodies to Rickettsia helvetica in Europe and Thailand. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 816–818.
  54. Fournier P.E., Dumler J.S., Greub G., Zhang J., Wu Y., Raoult D. Gene sequence-based criteria for identification of new rickettsia isolates and description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 5456–5465.
  55. Fournier P.E., Gouriet F., Brouqui P., Lucht F., Raoult D. Lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis, a new rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia sibirica mongolotimonae: seven new cases and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1435–1444.
  56. Fournier P.E., Jensenius M., Laferl H., Vene S., Raoult D. Kinetics of antibody responses in Rickettsia africae and Rickettsia conorii infections. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2002, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 324–328.
  57. Fournier P.E, Raoult D. Identification of rickettsial isolates at the species level using multi-spacer typing. BMC Microbiol., 2007, vol. 7, pp. 72.
  58. Fournier P.E., Raoult D. Suicide PCR on skin biopsy specimens for diagnosis of rickettsioses. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 3428–3434.
  59. Giulieri S., Jaton K., Cometta A., Trellu L.T., Greub G. Development of a duplex real-time PCR for the detection of Rickettsia spp. and typhus group rickettsia in clinical samples. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2012, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 92–97.
  60. Halle S., Dasch G.A. Use of a sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a retrospective serological analysis of a laboratory population at risk to infection with typhus group rickettsiae. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1980, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 343–350.
  61. Hechemy K.E., Raoult D., Fox J., Han Y., Elliott L.B., Rawlings J. Cross-reaction of immune sera from patients with rickettsial diseases. J. Med. Microbiol., 1989, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 199–202.
  62. Hedman J., Radstrom P. Overcoming inhibition in real-time diagnostic PCR. Meth. Mol. Biol., 2013, vol. 943, pp. 17–48.
  63. Ibarra V., Oteo J.A., Portillo A., Santibanez S., Blanco J.R., Metola L., Eiros J.M., Perez-Martinez L., Sanz M. Rickettsia slovaca infection: DEBONEL/TIBOLA. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2006, vol. 1078, pp. 206–214.
  64. Ismail N., Bloch K.C., McBride J.W. Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Clin. Lab. Med., 2010, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 261–292.
  65. Jensenius M., Fournier P.E., Hellum K.B., Wesslen L., Caruso G., Prio T., Lohne K., Vene S., Raoult D., Myrvang B. Sequential changes in hematologic and biochemical parameters in African tick bite fever. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2003, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 678–683.
  66. Jensenius M., Ueland T., Fournier P.E., Brosstad F., Stylianou E., Vene S., Myrvang B., Raoult D., Aukrust P. Systemic inflammatory responses in African tick-bite fever. J. Infect. Dis., 2003, vol. 187, no. 8, pp. 1332–1336.
  67. Jia N., Zheng Y.C., Jiang J.F., Ma L., Cao W.C. Human infection with Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae. N. Engl. J. Med., 2013, vol. 369, no. 12, pp. 1178–1180.
  68. Jiang J., Chan T.C., Temenak J.J., Dasch G.A., Ching W.M., Richards A.L. Development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay specific for Orientia tsutsugamushi. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 2004, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 351–356.
  69. Jiang J., You B.J., Liu E., Apte A., Yarina T.R., Myers T.E., Lee J.S., Francesconi S.C., O’Guinn M.L., Tsertsvadze N., Vephkhvadze M., Donduashvili M., Onashvili T., Ismayilov A., Agayev N., Aliyev M., Muttalibov N., Richards A.L. Development of three quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection of Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia slovaca, and Rickettsia aeschlimannii and their validation with ticks from the country of Georgia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 2012, vol. 3, no. 5–6, pp. 327–331.
  70. Johnston S.H., Glaser C.A., Padgett K., Wadford D.A., Espinosa A., Espinosa N., Eremeeva M.E., Tait K., Hobson B., Shtivelman S., Hsieh C., Messenger S.L. Rickettsia spp. 364D causing a cluster of eschar-associated illness, California. Ped. Infect. Dis. J., 2013, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1036–1039.
  71. Jones D., Anderson B., Olson J., Greene C. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of human immunoglobulin G to lipopolysaccharide of spotted fever group rickettsiae. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1993, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 138–141.
  72. Kaplowitz L.G., Lange J.V., Fischer J.J., Walker D.H. Correlation of rickettsial titers, circulating endotoxin, and clinical features in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch. Int. Med., 1983, vol. 143, no. 6, pp. 1149–1151.
  73. Kato C.Y., Chung I.H., Robinson L.K., Austin A.L., Dasch G.A., Massung R.F. Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2013, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 314–317.
  74. Kato C.Y., Robinson L.K., White F.H., Eremeeva M.E., Dasch G.A. Inexpensive and high throughput whole genome amplification for improved characterization of Rickettsia DNAs (Abstract #112). The 23rd Meeting of the American Society for Rickettsiology; Crowne Plaza Resort, Hilton Head, South Carolina, August 15–18, 2009.
  75. Kikuchi Y., Fukatsu T. Rickettsia infection in natural leech populations. Microb. Ecol., 2005, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 265–271.
  76. ovacova E., Kazar J. Rickettsial diseases and their serological diagnosis. Clin. Lab., 2000, vol. 46 (5–6), pp. 239–245.
  77. Kuchler S.M., Kehl S., Dettner K. Characterization and localization of Rickettsia sp. in water beetles of genus Deronectes (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). FEMS Microb. Ecol., 2009, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 201–211.
  78. La Scola B., Meconi S., Fenollar F., Rolain J.M., Roux V., Raoult D. Emended description of Rickettsia felis (Bouyer et al. 2001), a temperature-dependent cultured bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2002, vol. 52, pt 6, pp. 2035–2041.
  79. La Scola B., Raoult D. Diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever by cultivation of Rickettsia conorii from blood and skin samples using the centrifugation-shell vial technique and by detection of R. conorii in circulating endothelial cells: a 6-year follow-up. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1996, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 2722–2727.
  80. La Scola B., Raoult D. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1997, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2715–2727.
  81. La Scola B., Rydkina L., Ndihokubwayo J.B., Vene S., Raoult D. Serological differentiation of murine typhus and epidemic typhus using cross-adsorption and Western blotting. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2000, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 612–616.
  82. Labruna M.B., Whitworth T., Horta M.C., Bouyer D.H., McBride J.W., Pinter A., Popov V., Gennari S.M., Walker D.H. Rickettsia species infecting Amblyomma cooperi ticks from an area in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where Brazilian spotted fever is endemic. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 90–98.
  83. Lehmann U., Kreipe H. Real-time PCR analysis of DNA and RNA extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies. Methods, 2001, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 409–418.
  84. Leitner M., Yitzhaki S., Rzotkiewicz S., Keysary A. Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever in serum and tissue samples. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 2002, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 166–169.
  85. Levin M.L., Killmaster L., Zemtsova G., Grant D., Mumcuoglu K.Y., Eremeeva M.E., Dasch G.A. Incongruent effects of two isolates of Rickettsia conorii on the survival of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 2009, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 347–359.
  86. Liang C.W., Zhao J.B., Li J., Chang L.T., Yu H.L., Zhang L.X., Zhang L.J., Yu X.J. Spotted fever group Rickettsia in Yunnan Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 2012, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 281–286.
  87. Loftis A.D., Reeves W.K., Szumlas D.E., Abbassy M.M., Helmy I.M., Moriarity J.R., Dasch G.A. Surveillance of Egyptian fleas for agents of public health significance: Anaplasma, Bartonella, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Yersinia pestis. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 2006, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 41–48.
  88. Mansueto P., Vitale G., Cascio A., Seidita A., Pepe I., Carroccio A., Di Rosa S., Rini G.B., Cillari E., Walker D.H. New insight into immunity and immunopathology of Rickettsial diseases. Clin. Develop. Immunol., 2012, vol. 2012. ID 967852.
  89. Massung R.F., Davis L.E., Slater K., McKechnie D.B., Puerzer M. Epidemic typhus meningitis in the southwestern United States. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 979–982.
  90. Matsumoto K., Ogawa M., Brouqui P., Raoult D., Parola P. Transmission of Rickettsia massiliae in the tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus. Med. Vet. Entomol., 2005, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 263–270.
  91. Mattila J.T., Burkhardt N.Y., Hutcheson H.J., Munderloh U.G., Kurtti T.J. Isolation of cell lines and a rickettsial endosymbiont from the soft tick Carios capensis (Acari: Argasidae: Ornithodorinae). J. Med. Entomol., 2007, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1091–1101.
  92. Mediannikov O., Diatta G., Fenollar F., Sokhna C., Trape J.F., Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettsioses, neglected emerging diseases in rural Senegal. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2010, vol. 4, no. 9, p. e821.
  93. Mediannikov O., Makarova V., Tarasevich I., Sidelnikov Y., Raoult D. Isolation of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis strains from humans and ticks and its multispacer typing. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2009, vol. 15, suppl. 2, pp. 288–289.
  94. Mediannikov O.Y., Sidelnikov Y., Ivanov L., Mokretsova E., Fournier P.E., Tarasevich I., Raoult D. Acute tick-borne rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia heilongjiangensis in Russian Far East. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2004, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 810–817.
  95. Mendes do Nascimento E.M., Colombo S., Nagasse-Sugahara T.K., Angerami R.N., Resende M.R., da Silva L.J., Katz G, Dos Santos F.C. Evaluation of PCR-based assay in human serum samples for diagnosis of fatal cases of spotted fever group rickettsiosis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2009, vol. 15, suppl. 2, pp. 232–234.
  96. Mouffok N., Socolovschi C., Benabdellah A., Renvoise A., Parola P., Raoult D. Diagnosis of rickettsioses from eschar swab samples, Algeria. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2011, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1968–1969.
  97. Nakao R., Stromdahl E.Y., Magona J.W., Faburay B., Namangala B., Malele I., Inoue N., Geysen D., Kajino K., Jongejan F., Sugimoto C. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium. BMC Microbiol., 2010, vol. 10, pp. 296.
  98. Newhouse V.F., Shepard C.C., Redus M.D., Tzianabos T., McDade J.E. A comparison of the complement fixation, indirect fluorescent antibody, and microagglutination tests for the serological diagnosis of rickettsial diseases. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 1979, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 387–395.
  99. Nicholson W.L., Allen K.E., McQuiston J.H., Breitschwerdt E.B., Little S.E. The increasing recognition of rickettsial pathogens in dogs and people. Trends Parasitol., 2010, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 205–212.
  100. Niebylski M.L., Peacock M.G., Schwan T.G. Lethal effect of Rickettsia rickettsii on its tick vector (Dermacentor andersoni). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1999, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 773–778.
  101. Nielsen H., Fournier P.E., Pedersen I.S., Krarup H., Ejlertsen T., Raoult D. Serological and molecular evidence of Rickettsia helvetica in Denmark. Scand J. Infect. Dis., 2004, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 559–563.
  102. Nilsson K., Lindquist O., Pahlson C. Association of Rickettsia helvetica with chronic perimyocarditis in sudden cardiac death. Lancet, 1999, vol. 354, no. 9185, pp. 1169–1173.
  103. Nilsson K., Wallmenius K., Hartwig S., Norlander T., Pahlson C. Bell’s palsy and sudden deafness associated with Rickettsia spp. infection in Sweden. A retrospective and prospective serological survey including PCR findings. Eur. J. Neurol., 2013, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 206–214.
  104. Norazah A., Mazlah A., Cheong Y.M., Kamel A.G. Laboratory acquired murine typhus — a case report. Med. J. Malaysia, 1995, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 177–179.
  105. O’Reilly M., Paddock C., Elchos B., Goddard J., Childs J., Currie M. Physician knowledge of the diagnosis and management of Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Mississippi, 2002. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2003, vol. 990, pp. 295–301.
  106. Omsland A., Beare P.A., Hill J., Cockrell D.C., Howe D., Hansen B., Samuel J.E., Heinzen R.A. Isolation from animal tissue and genetic transformation of Coxiella burnetii are facilitated by an improved axenic growth medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2011, vol. 77, no. 11, pp. 3720–3725.
  107. Oster C.N., Burke D.S., Kenyon R.H., Ascher M.S., Harber P., Pedersen C.E., Jr. Laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The hazard of aerosol transmission. N. Engl. J. Med., 1977, vol. 297, no. 16, pp. 859–863.
  108. Paddock C.D., Finley R.W., Wright C.S., Robinson H.N., Schrodt B.J., Lane C.C., Ekenna O., Blass M.A., Tamminga C.L., Ohl C.A., McLellan S.L., Goddard J., Holman R.C., Openshaw J.J., Sumner J.W., Zaki S.R., Eremeeva M.E. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis and its clinical distinction from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 1188–1196.
  109. Paddock C.D., Fournier P.E., Sumner J.W., Goddard J., Elshenawy Y., Metcalfe M.G., Loftis A.D., Varela-Stokes A. Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2010, vol. 76, no. 9, pp. 2689–2696.
  110. Paddock C.D., Koss T., Eremeeva M.E., Dasch G.A., Zaki S.R., Sumner J.W. Isolation of Rickettsia akari from eschars of patients with rickettsialpox. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 2006, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 732–738.
  111. Pan L., Zhang L., Wang G., Liu Q. Rapid, simple, and sensitive detection of the ompB gene of spotted fever group rickettsiae by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. BMC Infect. Dis., 2012, vol. 12, p. 254.
  112. Paris D.H., Shelite T.R., Day N.P., Walker D.H. Unresolved problems related to scrub typhus: a seriously neglected life-threatening disease. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 2013, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 301–307.
  113. Parola P. Rickettsia felis: from a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2011, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 996–1000.
  114. Parola P., Paddock C.D., Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2005, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 719–756.
  115. Parola P., Paddock C.D., Socolovschi C., Labruna M.B., Mediannikov O., Kernif T., Abdad M.Y., Stenos J., Bitam I., Fournier P.E., Raoult D. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2013, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 657–702.
  116. Parola P., Rovery C., Rolain J.M., Brouqui P., Davoust B., Raoult D. Rickettsia slovaca and R. raoultii in tick-borne Rickettsioses. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2009, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1105–1108.
  117. Philip R.N., Casper E.A., MacCormack J.N., Sexton D., Thomas L.A., Anacker R.L., Burgdorfer W., Vick S. A comparison of serologic methods for diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1977, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 56–67.
  118. Philip R.N., Casper E.A., Ormsbee R.A., Peacock M.G., Burgdorfer W. Microimmunofluorescence test for the serological study of rocky mountain spotted fever and typhus. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1976, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51–61.
  119. Popov V.L., Korenberg E.I., Nefedova V.V., Han V.C., Wen J.W., Kovalevskii Y.V., Gorelova N.B., Walker D.H. Ultrastructural evidence of the ehrlichial developmental cycle in naturally infected Ixodes persulcatus ticks in the course of coinfection with Rickettsia, Borrelia, and a flavivirus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 2007, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 699–716.
  120. Pretorius A.M., Birtles R.J. Rickettsia aeschlimannii: a new pathogenic spotted fever group rickettsia, South Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2002, vol. 8, no. 8, p. 874.
  121. Qi Y., Xiong X., Wang X., Duan C., Jia Y., Jiao J., Gong W. Wen B. Proteome analysis and serological characterization of surface-exposed proteins of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis. PLoS One, 2013, vol. 8, no. 7, p. e70440.
  122. Raoult D., Dasch G.A. Immunoblot cross-reactions among Rickettsia, Proteus spp. and Legionella spp. in patients with Mediterranean spotted fever. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 1995, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 13–18.
  123. Raoult D., Fournier P.E., Abboud P., Caron F. First documented human Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2002, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 748–749.
  124. Raoult D., Lakos A., Fenollar F., Beytout J., Brouqui P., Fournier P.E. Spotless rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia slovaca and associated with Dermacentor ticks. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2002, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1331–1336.
  125. Regnery R.L., Spruill C.L., Plikaytis B.D. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J. Bacteriol., 1991, vol. 173, no. 5, pp. 1576–1589.
  126. Rehacek J., Tarasevich I. Acari-borne Rickettsiae & Rickettsioses in Eurasia. Bratislava: Veda, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1988.
  127. Reif K.E., Macaluso K.R. Ecology of Rickettsia felis: a review. J. Med. Entomol., 2009, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 723–736.
  128. Renvoise A., Delaunay P., Blanchouin E., Cannavo I., Cua E., Socolovschi C., Parola P., Raoult D. Urban family cluster of spotted fever rickettsiosis linked to Rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with Rickettsia conorii subsp. caspia and Rickettsia massiliae. Ticks Tick Borne Dis., 2012, vol. 3, pp. 389–392.
  129. Renvoise A., Rolain J.-M., Socolovschi C., Raoult D. Widespread use of real-time PCR for rickettsial diagnosis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2012, vol. 64, pp. 126–129.
  130. Richards A.L. Worldwide detection and identification of new and old rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2012, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 107–110.
  131. Roux V., Fournier P.E., Raoult D. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1996, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 2058–2065.
  132. Roux V., Raoult D. Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Rickettsia using the gene encoding the outer-membrane protein rOmpB (ompB). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 50, pt 4, pp. 1449–1455.
  133. Roux V., Rydkina E., Eremeeva M., Raoult D. Citrate synthase gene comparison, a new tool for phylogenetic analysis, and its application for the rickettsiae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 252–261.
  134. Rozental T., Eremeeva M.E., Paddock C.D., Zaki S.R., Dasch G.A., Lemos E.R. Fatal case of Brazilian spotted fever confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and sequencing methods on fixed tissues. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2006, vol. 1078, pp. 257–259.
  135. Samoylenko I., Shpynov S., Raoult D., Rudakov N., Fournier P.E. Evaluation of Dermacentor species naturally infected with Rickettsia raoultii. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2009, vol. 15, suppl. 2, pp. 305–306.
  136. Samoylenko I.E., Kumpan L.V., Shpynov S.N., Obert A.S., Butakov O.V., Rudakov N.V. Methods of isolation and cultivation of new Rickettsiae from the Nosoarea of the North Asian tick typhus in Siberia. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2006, vol. 1078, pp. 613–616.
  137. Sekeyova Z., Roux V., Raoult D. Phylogeny of Rickettsia spp. inferred by comparing sequences of ‘gene D’, which encodes an intracytoplasmic protein. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2001, vol. 51, pt 4, pp. 1353–1360.
  138. Sexton D.J., Kanj S.S., Wilson K., Corey G.R., Hegarty B.C., Levy M.G., Breitschwerdt E.B. The use of a polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic test for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am. J. Trop. Meg. Hyg., 1994, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 59–63.
  139. Shapiro M.R., Fritz C.L., Tait K., Paddock C.D., Nicholson W.L., Abramowicz K.F., Karpathy S.E., Dasch G.A., Sumner J.W., Adem P.V., Scott J.J., Padgett K.A., Zaki S.R., Eremeeva M.E. Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2010, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 541–548.
  140. Shpynov S., Fournier P.E., Rudakov N., Arsen’eva I., Granitov M., Tarasevich I., Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettsiosis in the Altay region of Russia. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2009, vol. 15, suppl. 2, pp. 313–314.
  141. .141Shpynov S., Fournier P.E., Rudakov N., Raoult D. “Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae” in Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in Russia. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2003, vol. 990, pp. 162–172.
  142. Shpynov S., Fournier P.E., Rudakov N., Tankibaev M., Tarasevich I., Raoult D. Detection of a rickettsia closely related to Rickettsia aeschlimannii, “Rickettsia heilongjiangensis,” Rickettsia sp. strain RpA4, and Ehrlichia muris in ticks collected in Russia and Kazakhstan. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 2221–2223.
  143. Shpynov S., Fournier P.E., Rudakov N., Tarasevich I., Raoult D. Detection of members of the genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia in ticks collected in the Asiatic part of Russia. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2006, vol. 1078, pp. 378–383.
  144. Shpynov S., Parola P., Rudakov N., Samoilenko I., Tankibaev M., Tarasevich I., Raoult D. Detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae in Dermacentor ticks from Russia and central Kazakhstan. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2001, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 903–905.
  145. Shpynov S., Rudakov N., Tohkov Y., Matushchenko A., Tarasevich I., Raoult D., Fournier P.E. Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum ticks in western Russia. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2009, vol. 15, suppl. 2, pp. 315–316.
  146. Socolovschi C., Mediannikov O., Raoult D., Parola P. The relationship between spotted fever group Rickettsiae and ixodid ticks. Vet. Res., 2009, vol. 40, no. 4, p. 34.
  147. Sokhna C., Mediannikov O., Fenollar F., Bassene H., Diatta G., Tall A., Trape J.F., Drancourt M., Raoult D. Point-of-care laboratory of pathogen diagnosis in rural Senegal. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2013, vol. 7, no. 1, p. e1999.
  148. Tarasevich I.V., Makarova V.A., Fetisova N.F., Stepanov A.V., Miskarova E.D., Balayeva N., Raoult D. Astrakhan fever, a spotted-fever rickettsiosis. Lancet, 1991, vol. 337, no. 8734, pp. 172–173.
  149. Tarasevich I.V., Makarova V.A., Fetisova N.F., Stepanov A.V., Miskarova E.D., Raoult D. Studies of a “new” rickettsiosis “Astrakhan” spotted fever. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 1991, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 294–298.
  150. Traub R., Wisseman C.L., Farhang-Azad A. The ecology of murine typhus — a critical review. Trop. Dis. Bull., 1978, vol. 75, pp. 237–317.
  151. Tzianabos T., Anderson B.E., McDade J.E. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii DNA in clinical specimens by using polymerase chain reaction technology. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1989, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 2866–2868.
  152. Van Schaik E.J., Samuel J.E. Phylogenetic diversity, virulence and comparative genomics. Adv. Experment. Med. Biol., 2012, vol. 984, pp. 13–38.
  153. Walker D.H., Cain B.G. A method for specific diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever on fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by immunofluorescence. J. Infect. Dis., 1978, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 206–209.
  154. Walker D.H., Ismail N. Emerging and re-emerging rickettsioses: endothelial cell infection and early disease events. Nature Rev. Microbiol., 2008, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 375–386.
  155. Walker D.H., Paddock C.D., Dumler J.S. Emerging and re-emerging tick-transmitted rickettsial and ehrlichial infections. Med. Clin. North Am., 2008, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 1345–1361.
  156. Wang J.M., Hudson B.J., Watts M.R., Karagiannis T., Fisher N.J., Anderson C., Roffey P. Diagnosis of Queensland tick typhus and African tick bite fever by PCR of lesion swabs. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2009, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 963–965.
  157. Weisburg W.G., Dobson M.E., Samuel J.E., Dasch G.A., Mallavia L.P., Baca O., Mandelcol L., Sechrest J.E., Weiss E., Woese C.R. Phylogenetic diversity of the Rickettsiae. J. Bacteriol., 1989, vol. 171, no. 8, pp. 4202–4206.
  158. Werren J.H., Hurst G.D., Zhang W., Breeuwer J.A., Stouthamer R., Majerus M.E. Rickettsial relative associated with male killing in the ladybird beetle (Adalia bipunctata). J. Bacteriol., 1994, vol. 176, no. 2, pp. 388–394.
  159. Wilson K.H., Blitchington R.B., Greene R.C. Amplification of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA with polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1990, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1942–1946.
  160. Woo J.H., Cho J.Y., Kim Y.S., Choi D.H., Lee N.M., Choe K.W., Chang W.H. A case of laboratory-acquired murine typhus. Korean J. Intern. Med., 1990, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 118–122.
  161. Xu W., Raoult D. Taxonomic relationships among spotted fever group rickettsiae as revealed by antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 887–896.
  162. Yokota M., Tatsumi N., Nathalang O., Yamada T., Tsuda I. Effects of heparin on polymerase chain reaction for blood white cells. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 1999, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 133–140.
  163. Yu X., Jin Y., Fan M., Xu G., Liu Q., Raoult D. Genotypic and antigenic identification of two new strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated from China. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1993, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 83–88.
  164. Zemtsova G., Killmaster L.F., Mumcuoglu K.Y., Levin M.L. Co-feeding as a route for transmission of Rickettsia conorii israelensis between Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 2010, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 383–392.
  165. Zhu Y., Fournier P.E., Eremeeva M., Raoult D. Proposal to create subspecies of Rickettsia conorii based on multi-locus sequence typing and an emended description of Rickettsia conorii. BMC Microbiol., 2005, vol. 5, pp. 11.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2014 Eremeeva M.E., Shpynov S.N., Tokarevich N.K.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 64788 от 02.02.2016.


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies