Иммунный ответ на инфекцию, вызванную респираторно-синцитиальным вирусом (Orthopneumovirus)

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Респираторно-синцитиальный вирус (РСВ) инфицирует детей, пожилых людей и больных с иммунодефицитами. В 2016 г. РСВ был переименован в Orthopneumovirus в связи с латинизацией таксономии вирусов, а также был включен в семейство Pneumoviridae. Однако в данном обзоре мы будем применять старое, более известное название вируса — РСВ. РСВ-инфекция не индуцирует развитие пожизненного стерилизующего иммунитета. Разные типы клеток иммунной системы, такие как дендритные клетки, макрофаги, Т-клетки, B-клетки и эозинофилы, принимают участие в противовирусном ответе при РСВ-инфекции. Некоторые из них играют важную роль в элиминации вируса, тогда как другие могут провоцировать повреждение тканей. Взаимодействие между этими клетками происходит посредством индукции различных цитокинов и хемокинов, часть из которых индуцируется на ранних стадиях заболевания, часть — на более поздних. Кроме того, перечисленные виды клеток могут оказывать влияние на течение как первичной, так и повторной РСВ-инфекции. Пролонгированная или персистирующая РСВ-инфекция наблюдается у детей с Т-клеточными иммунодефицитами, и это свидетельствует о том, что Т-клетки являются необходимым компонентом для разрешения острой фазы инфекции и для формирования вирус-специфической иммунологической памяти. РСВ-специфичные антитела присутствуют практически у всех взрослых и детей, однако их наличие не защищает от повторного заражения вирусом. Некоторые исследования указывают на то, что именно уровень РСВ-специфичных мукозальных, а не сывороточных антител коррелирует с более эффективной защитой от РСВ-инфекции. В отношении РСВ разрабатываются следующие виды вакцин: живые аттенуированные, субъединичные, вакцины на основе инактивированного вируса, вакцины на основе вирусных частиц, вакцины на основе нуклеиновых кислот, а также моноклональные антитела. При разработке вакцин следует принимать во внимание особенности иммунного ответа при РСВ-инфекции, а также учитывать возраст вакцинируемых. Так, для детей во избежание вакцин-ассоциированного усиления инфекции оправдано применение живых аттенуированных вакцин, тогда как для лиц среднего возраста и пожилых людей возможно применение субъединичных вакцин. Однако в настоящее время все еще нет лицензированных вакцин против РСВ-инфекции. В данном обзоре подробно рассмотрены особенности взаимодействия вируса с разными звеньями иммунной системы, отражено современное представление о вакцинопрофилактике РСВ-инфекции.

Об авторах

А. А. Никонова

НИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: aa.nikonova@nrcii.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9610-0935

Никонова Александра Александровна - кандидат биологических наук, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной биотехнологии.

115088, Москва, ул. 1-я Дубровская, 15.

Тел.: 8 (495) 674-08-43

Россия

И. Ю. Исаков

НИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова

Email: darkdgr@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5742-6550

Младший научный сотрудник ФГБНУ НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова.

115088, Москва, ул. 1-я Дубровская, 15.

Россия

В. В. Зверев

НИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова

Email: vitalyzverev@outlook.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0017-1892

Академик РАН, доктор биологических наук, профессор, научный руководитель.

115088, Москва, ул. 1-я Дубровская, 15.

Россия

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