Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and ImmunityИнфекция и иммунитет2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI130010.15789/2220-7619-IRT-1300REVIEWSОБЗОРЫImmune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection (Orthopneumovirus)Иммунный ответ на инфекцию, вызванную респираторно-синцитиальным вирусом (Orthopneumovirus)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-0935NikonovaA. A.НиконоваА. А.
Russian Federation

Alexandra A. Nikonova - PhD (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, I.I. Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera.

115088, Moscow, 1 st Dubrovskaya str., 15.

Phone: +7 (495) 674-08-43

Никонова Александра Александровна - кандидат биологических наук, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной биотехнологии.

115088, Москва, ул. 1-я Дубровская, 15.

Тел.: 8 (495) 674-08-43

aa.nikonova@nrcii.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5742-6550IsakovI. Y.ИсаковИ. Ю.
Russian Federation

Junior Researcher, I.I. Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera.

115088, Moscow, 1 st Dubrovskaya str., 15.

Младший научный сотрудник ФГБНУ НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова.

115088, Москва, ул. 1-я Дубровская, 15.

darkdgr@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-1892ZverevV. V.ЗверевВ. В.
Russian Federation

RAS Full Member, PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Scientific Director, I.I. Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera.

115088, Moscow, 1 st Dubrovskaya str., 15.

Академик РАН, доктор биологических наук, профессор, научный руководитель.

115088, Москва, ул. 1-я Дубровская, 15.

vitalyzverev@outlook.comMechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and SeraНИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова240320211122232360611201911032020Copyright ©; 2020, Nikonova A.A., Isakov I.Y., Zverev V.V.Copyright ©; 2020, Никонова А.А., Исаков И.Ю., Зверев В.В.2020Nikonova A.A., Isakov I.Y., Zverev V.V.Никонова А.А., Исаков И.Ю., Зверев В.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1300

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects children as well as elderly and immunocompromised subjects. In 2016, RSV was renamed to Orthopneumovirus owing to virus taxonomy latinization and was also included into the Pneumoviridae family. However, in this review we will use the old and more common RSV name. RSV infection may occur throughout human lifetime as it does not induce sterilizing immunity. During RSV infection, diverse immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells, B cells and eosinophils are involved in the antiviral response. Some of them play an important role in eliminating RSV, while the others can provoke tissue damage. An interaction between these cells occurs through the induced cytokines and chemokines, some of which emerge at early disease stages, whereas the others — at later stages. In addition, the mentioned cells can affect the course of both primary and secondary RSV infection. A prolonged or persistent RSV infection is observed in children with T-cell immunodeficiency, emphasizing the importance of T cells in resolution of acute infection as well as for virus-specific immunological memory development. Almost all the adults and children bear RSV-specific antibodies, but that doesn't protect against the repeated infection. It was shown that high mucosal rather than serum IgG level correlated better with reduced RSV load. A growing body of RSV vaccine candidates has emerged: live-attenuated, protein-based, whole-inactivated, particle-based, subunit antigens, and nucleic acid-based vaccines. While developing vaccines, there should be taken into consideration features of anti-RSV immune response as well as age of subjects to be vaccinated. In particular, to avoid vaccine-associated aggravation of RSV infection it is justified to use live attenuated vaccines in children, whereas middle-aged and the elderly subjects might be applied with subunit vaccines. Currently, no licensed vaccine for RSV infection is available. In this review, we will detail an interaction of the RSV with diverse immune cells as well as our contemporary understanding regarding preventive vaccines in RSV infection.

 

 

Респираторно-синцитиальный вирус (РСВ) инфицирует детей, пожилых людей и больных с иммунодефицитами. В 2016 г. РСВ был переименован в Orthopneumovirus в связи с латинизацией таксономии вирусов, а также был включен в семейство Pneumoviridae. Однако в данном обзоре мы будем применять старое, более известное название вируса — РСВ. РСВ-инфекция не индуцирует развитие пожизненного стерилизующего иммунитета. Разные типы клеток иммунной системы, такие как дендритные клетки, макрофаги, Т-клетки, B-клетки и эозинофилы, принимают участие в противовирусном ответе при РСВ-инфекции. Некоторые из них играют важную роль в элиминации вируса, тогда как другие могут провоцировать повреждение тканей. Взаимодействие между этими клетками происходит посредством индукции различных цитокинов и хемокинов, часть из которых индуцируется на ранних стадиях заболевания, часть — на более поздних. Кроме того, перечисленные виды клеток могут оказывать влияние на течение как первичной, так и повторной РСВ-инфекции. Пролонгированная или персистирующая РСВ-инфекция наблюдается у детей с Т-клеточными иммунодефицитами, и это свидетельствует о том, что Т-клетки являются необходимым компонентом для разрешения острой фазы инфекции и для формирования вирус-специфической иммунологической памяти. РСВ-специфичные антитела присутствуют практически у всех взрослых и детей, однако их наличие не защищает от повторного заражения вирусом. Некоторые исследования указывают на то, что именно уровень РСВ-специфичных мукозальных, а не сывороточных антител коррелирует с более эффективной защитой от РСВ-инфекции. В отношении РСВ разрабатываются следующие виды вакцин: живые аттенуированные, субъединичные, вакцины на основе инактивированного вируса, вакцины на основе вирусных частиц, вакцины на основе нуклеиновых кислот, а также моноклональные антитела. При разработке вакцин следует принимать во внимание особенности иммунного ответа при РСВ-инфекции, а также учитывать возраст вакцинируемых. Так, для детей во избежание вакцин-ассоциированного усиления инфекции оправдано применение живых аттенуированных вакцин, тогда как для лиц среднего возраста и пожилых людей возможно применение субъединичных вакцин. Однако в настоящее время все еще нет лицензированных вакцин против РСВ-инфекции. В данном обзоре подробно рассмотрены особенности взаимодействия вируса с разными звеньями иммунной системы, отражено современное представление о вакцинопрофилактике РСВ-инфекции.

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