Email this article Type of cercaria in freshwater snails at Tunggu Pampang Reservoir, Makassar City, Indonesia
- Authors: Jabal A.R.1, Mutiasari D.1, Akbar H.2, Arfah M.3, Marhani M.3, Rini R.3, Sobak N.A.3, Pisu A.J.3, Toemon A.I.1, Ratnasari A.1
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Affiliations:
- Palangka Raya University
- Graha Medika Institute of Health Technology
- Megarezky University
- Issue: Vol 12, No 4 (2022)
- Pages: 765-770
- Section: SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
- Submitted: 15.03.2021
- Accepted: 17.05.2021
- Published: 17.01.2023
- URL: https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1700
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-TCI-1700
- ID: 1700
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Abstract
The Tunggu Pampang Reservoir is one of the reservoirs located in the city of Makassar. The functions of the reservoir area was tourist attractions and fish farming locations so that the local community uses them for swimming, fishing, selling, and gardening. The existence of various types of freshwater snails in the reservoir has the potential to act as intermediate hosts for trematodes in animals and humans. This study aimed to analyze the type of cercariae in freshwater snails. This research is a descriptive survey to determine the distribution of trematode larvae. The stages of this research began with the snails were collected from Tunggu Pampang Reservoir, Makassar City. Freshwater snails were collected at several points in the reservoir. Freswater snail collection using hand collecting method. The snails were put into a plastic bag with different types of snails and site of collection. The collected samples and cercariae were examined in the Tropical Disease Laboratory of the Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Megarezky University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Freshwater snails are placed on a petri dish and their shells were gently crushed with a stamper. Dropped with aquadest on the crushed snail shell. The next step was observed using a microscope to determine the presence of cercariae. Cercariae found then identified according to morphological classification as previously study. A total number of 500 freshwater snail were collected in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. The results showed that overall snails infected with cercariae was 33,4%. The highest prevalence of cercariae in Indoplanorbis exustus was 94.3%. Total of Echinostoma cercariae found (n = 224) compared to furcocercous cercariae (n = 5). Cercariae of Echinostoma sp., Fasciola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski living in Tungu Pampang Reservoir can cause diseases in humans and animals. Larval trematodes can be controlled in snails using reducing parasite contamination, monitoring surveillance, information dissemination, and preventive education.
Full Text
Introduction
The Tunggu Pampang Reservoir is one of the reservoirs located in the city of Makassar. The reservoir is used as a water catchment area. The reservoir is located in Manggala Sub-district, Makassar City. Other functions of the reservoir area was tourist attractions and fish farming locations so that the local community uses them for swimming, fishing, selling, and gardening. According to Selmi et al. (2019) anthropogenic loads such as ammonia (0.4127), nitrite (0.0397), lead (0.002), cadmium (0.003). Measurement of water temperature of 25–27°C, pH 8.3, Dissolved Oxygen (Do) of 5.9 mg/L [20]. All parameters are classified as normal in the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. Apart from fish, there are several species of snails found in the reservoir. Several species of snails as intermediate hosts of helminth in animals and humans [14].
This infection occurs through a water medium. Snail species that can be intermediate hosts, such as Brotia sp., Gyraulus sp., Bellamya sp., Melanoides sp., Indoplanorbis sp., Lymneae rubiginosa and Biomphalaria sp. [1, 7]. Helminth that can infect snails are one of the trematodes. This infection occurs through the intermediary of water. According to Malatji et al. (2019), lymnaedae species snail is an intermediate host for trematodes in humans and livestock, especially Fasciola sp. [15].
Trematode larvae residing in the snails are sporocysts, redia, and cercariae. Various types of cercariae that infect on snails. According to Ngern-Klun et al. (2006), type of cercariae is virgalate, lophocercous, monostome, and wer [18]. According to Chontananarth and Wongsawad (2013) type is furcocercous cercaria, megalurous cercaria and gymnocephalous cercaria [7].
The water comes from several sub-districts in the Makassar and parts of the Gowa regency to the Tunggu pampang reservoir. The existence of various types of freshwater snails in the reservoir has the potential to act as intermediate hosts for trematodes. Therefore, a study was conducted on the presence of cercariae in freshwater snails. There is no data on the type of cercariae in snails in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir.
Materials and methods
This research is a descriptive survey to determine the distribution of trematode larvae in the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. The stages of this research began with sample collection in the field and laboratory examinations. This research was conducted from January to June 2018. This research was conducted at the Tropical Disease Laboratory of Departemen DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University.
Freshwater snails were collected at several points in the reservoir. Snail collection using hand collecting method. The snails were put into a plastic bag with different types of snails and site of collection. Snails identified refer to Chontananarth and Wongsawad (2013) [7]. Freshwater snails are placed on a petri dish and gently crushed by the snail shells using a stamper. Dropped with aquadest on the crushed snail shell. The next step was observed using a microscope to determine the presence of cercariae. Cercariae found then identified according to morphological classification as previously study [6, 9, 23].
Results
A total number of 500 snail were collected at Tunggu Pampang reservoir in Manggala Sub-district, Makassar. Snails classified into 5 genera, including Ampullariidae (Pila sp.), Viviparidea (Bellamya sp.), Lymnaeidae (Lymnaea rubiginosa), Planorbidae (Indoplanorbis exustus), and Thiaridae (Melanoides sp.) (Fig. 1). All collected snail species found trematode larvae in Tunggu Pampang reservoir. The results showed that overall snails infected with cercariae was 33.4% (167/500).
Figure 1. Map of the sampling sites
Species of snails, such as Pila sp., Bellamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, Indoplanorbis exustus, and Melanoides sp., found sporocysts, redia, and cercariae in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir (Fig. 2, see color plate, p. II). The highest prevalence of cercariae in Indoplanorbis exustus was 94.3% (216/229) compared to cercariae in other species of snails (Table 1).
Table 1. The number of cercariae infections in snails
Snails species | Number examined | Infected snails (n) | Larva trematode (n) | |||
– | + | Sporocysts | Redia | Cercariae | ||
Pila sp. | 100 | 97 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 |
Bellamya sp. | 100 | 70 | 30 | 3 | 45 | 1 |
Lymnaea rubiginosa | 100 | 66 | 34 | 19 | 35 | 7 |
Indoplanorbis exustus | 100 | 40 | 60 | 6 | 298 | 216 |
Melanoides sp. | 100 | 60 | 40 | 16 | 90 | 5 |
Total | 500 | 333 | 167 | 46 | 473 | 229 |
Type of cercariae dominated echinostome than furcocercous. Echinostome cercariae found in Bellamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, and Indoplanorbis exustus, while furcocercous cercariae found in one types of snail, such us, Melanoides sp. Total of Echinostome cercariae found (n = 224) compared to furcocercous cercariae (n = 5) in all snail (Table 2).
Table 2. Type of cercariae infections in snails
Snails species | Type cercariae (n) | |
Echinostome | Furcocercous | |
Pila sp. | 0 | 0 |
Bellamya sp. | 1 | 0 |
Lymnaea rubiginosa | 7 | 0 |
Indoplanorbis exustus | 216 | 0 |
Melanoides sp. | 0 | 5 |
Total | 224 | 5 |
Discussion
Almost all mollusks that have the role of intermediate host for trematode are freshwater snails. The overall of trematode life cycle begun fecal mammals or human containing trematode eggs in water develop into miracidium. Miracidium enters the body of the snail and transform into sporocyst, redia, and cercariae. Cercariae infected humans in water through skin pores or become metacercariae and adhere to aquatic plants.
This study was the first known report on cercariae infection in snails freshwater at Tunggu Pampang Reservoir, Makassar City. Species snail found at Tunggu Pampang Reservoir was Pila sp., Bellamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, Indoplanorbis exustus, and Melanoides sp. According to Chontananarth et al. (2013); Chontananarth et al. (2017) and Dodangeh et al. (2019), infected snail species, such as Pila sp., Pomacea sp., Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea auricularia, Melanoides tuberculata and Bellamya bengalensis [6, 7, 8].
This study showed that all species of snails found sporocysts, redia, and cercariae. Total prevalence of cercariae infection found in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir (45.8%) as similar to that of the previous report by Anucherngchai et al. (2016) in Chao-Phraya Basin, Central Thailand, which the prevalence of cercariae infection at 5.90% [1]. According to Anucherngchai et al. (2017) overall prevalence cercariae was 7.92 in the snail intermediate hosts from Ratchaburi Province, Thailand [2]. Percentage of prevalence cercariae was 2.57 in Laguna, Philippines [19]. The findings of cercariae in various types of snails in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir because many aquatic plants such as water hyacinth in several sites in the reservoir. The community around cultivated certain parts of the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. Aquatic plants near the reservoir are feed for freshwater snails.
The highest quantity of cercariae found in Indoplanorbis exustus was 94.3% (216/229). According to Chontananarth et al. (2017), the prevalence of cercariae in the snails Indoplanorbis exustus was 0.64% [6]. Cercariae infected Indoplanorbis exustus snails was 4.9% [1]. According to Chontananarth and Wongsawad (2013), cercariae infected Indoplanorbis exustus was 0.2% [7]. The location of Indoplanorbis exustus, snail collection is close to an aquatic plant was water hyacinth on the side of Tunggu Pampang reservoir. The existence of Indoplanorbis exustus in the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir probably originated from the water of Pampang canal, Gowa canal, and Perumnas canal that accommodated in the reservoir. The function of the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir prevent flooding in parts of Makassar City and Gowa Regency.
There are two type of cercariae were found in snails. The difference of cercariae based on morphologically, place and number of sucker. The types of cercariae found are echinostome and furcocercous. Echinostome cercariae (n = 224) predominated compared to furcocercous cercariae (n = 5) found in snails. Echinostome cercariae found the body snails, such as Bellamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, and Indoplanorbis exustus. Echinostome cercariae body is long shape. The oral sucker is round in shape and position on the sub-terminal part of the body and has collar spines. The position of the ventral sucker is two-thirds down the end of the body. The tail is thin and almost the same length as the body cercariae [6]. According to Martin et al. (2018) the adult trematode species of Echinostome cercariae was Echinostoma sp. found in Barangay Cawongan, Philippines [16]. According to Mareta et al. (2019) Echinostome cercariae causes echinostomiasis in humans and livestock [17]. According to Hairani et al. (2016) and Hairani et al. (2018), Echinostome cercariae confirmed as Fasciola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski in Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, South Kalimantan [12, 13]. Humans infected Echinostoma sp., Fasciola gigantica, and Fasciolopsis buski because of consumption of undercook aquatic plants, fish, snail. Humans are infected with trematode because cercariae entires to skin pores through fishing, swimming, and farming in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir.
In this study, furcocercous cercariae was only found in Melanoides sp. This snail is medically important because they serve as the intermediate host for intestinal trematodes [4]. Melanoides sp. is an intermediate host of paragonimiasis and digestive trematodes. The body of furcocercous cercariae is long, flat, and oval shaped. The oral sucker is located in the front of the body. Position of ventral sucker at two-thirds of its body-length. The tail of this cercariae is longer than the body and divisible into two furca [1]. According to Anucherngchai et al. (2017), furcocercous cercariae found in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand, and Yousif et al. (2010) furcocercous cercariae were also found in Egypt, respectively in Melanoides tuberculata [2, 24]. Furcocercous cercariae can develop into the trematode of family cyathocotylidae [6]. Adul Trematode stages of furcocercous cercariae are strigeidae, diplostomidae, schistosomatidae and sanguinicolidae [10]. M. tuberculata snails and their potential of zoonosis diseases such as heterophyiasis, schistosoma dermatitis, echinostomiasis, and philophtalmiasis in humans and animals [11].
The presence of cercariae can infect human skin that works in the water of the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. Diseases caused by cercariae infections such as fasciolopsiasis and echinostomiasis. Symptoms of fasciolopsiasis include minor infections such as anemia, eosinophilia, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disorders. Moderate and severe infections occur when parasites on the colon and stomach. A patient has epigastric pain, diarrhea, nausea, acute ileus, anasarca, leucocytosis with eosinophilia [3, 21]. Pain caused by echinostomiasis is epigastric, fatigue, diarrhea, and weight loss. Patients infected with echinostomiasis experience acid reflux, anorexia, headaches, nausea and vomiting, and urinary incontinence [5, 22].
In summary, the highest quantity of Echinostome cercariae found in Indoplanorbis exustus at Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. This cercariae potential for establishment of zoonosis diseases, such as Echinostoma sp., Fasciola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski in human and animal. Larval trematodes can be controlled in snails using reducing parasite contamination, monitoring surveillance, information dissemination, and preventive education.
Иллюстрация к статье «Тип церкарий в пресноводных улитках водохранилища Тунгу Пампанг, город Макассар, Индонезия» (авторы: А.Р. Джабал, Д. Мутиасари, Х. Акбар, М. Арфах, Мархани, Рини, Н.А. Собак, А.Д. Пису, А.И. Тоэмон, А. Ратнасари) (с. 765–770) / Illustration for the article “Type of cercaria in freshwater snails at Tunggu Pampang reservoir, Makassar City, Indonesia” (authors: Jabal A.R., Mutiasari D., Akbar H., Arfah M., Marhani, Rini, Sobak N.A., Pisu A.J., Toemon A.I., Ratnasari A.) (pp. 765–770)
Figure 2. Snails collected from Tunggu pampang reservoir. A) Pila sp., B) Bellamya sp., C) Lymnaea rubiginosa, D) Indoplanorbis exustus, E) Melanoides sp.
About the authors
Arif Rahman Jabal
Palangka Raya University
Author for correspondence.
Email: arifrjabal@med.upr.ac.id
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7467-5196
Bachelor of Sciences, Masters of Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine
Индонезия, 73112, Palangka Raya, Jl. Yos SudarsoDian Mutiasari
Palangka Raya University
Email: mutiasari_dian@med.upr.ac.id
MD, Master of Public Health, Department of Publich Health, Faculty of Medicine
Индонезия, Palangka RayaHairil Akbar
Graha Medika Institute of Health Technology
Email: hairilakbar@stikesgrahamedika.ac.id
Bachelor of Public Health, Master of Public Health, Study Program of Publich Health
Индонезия, KotamobagoM. Arfah
Megarezky University
Email: marfah093@gmail.com
Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology
Индонезия, MakassarMarhani Marhani
Megarezky University
Email: marhanymakmur98@gmail.com
Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology
Индонезия, MakassarRini Rini
Megarezky University
Email: rinisuhary25@gmail.com
Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology
Индонезия, MakassarNur Alam Sobak
Megarezky University
Email: nuralamsobak99@gmail.com
Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology
Индонезия, MakassarAnggit Julianingsih Pisu
Megarezky University
Email: anggitjulianingsih@gmail.com
Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology
Индонезия, MakassarAgnes Immanuela Toemon
Palangka Raya University
Email: agnes_immanuelatoemon@med.upr.ac.id
MD, Sp. ParK, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine
Индонезия, Palangka RayaArini Ratnasari
Palangka Raya University
Email: ratnasaria18c@student.unhas.ac.id
Bachelor of Public Health, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine
Индонезия, Palangka RayaReferences
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