Нейтрофил как «многофункциональное устройство» иммунной системы

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За последние 2–3 десятилетия благодаря использованию новых технологий было значительно расширено представление о спектре функциональных возможностей нейтрофильных гранулоцитов. Детально изучен их эффекторный потенциал в отношении инфекционных агентов, включающий фагоцитоз, продукцию активных форм кислорода и азота, дегрануляцию с высвобождением многочисленных ферментов и антимикробных пептидов, образование внеклеточных ловушек. При этом установлено, что многие их тех факторов, которые нейтрофилы используют для прямого уничтожения патогенов, оказывают регулирующее влияние в отношении других клеток иммунной системы и самих нейтрофилов. Кроме того, при активации нейтрофилы способны синтезировать ряд биологически активных молекул de novo. Реализация иммунорегуляторного влияния нейтрофилов в отношении макрофагов, дендритных клеток, Т-лимфоцитов и В-лимфоцитов может происходить как путем прямого межклеточного контакта, так и опосредовано через продукцию цитокинов и других биологически активных медиаторов. Амбивалентное — как хелперное, так и супрессорное — воздействие нейтрофилов на клетки иммунной системы свидетельствует об их важной роли как в условиях гомеостаза, так и при различных видах патологии, в частности при развитии злокачественных опухолей. Способность нейтрофильных гранулоцитов проявлять разнообразные, порой даже антагонистические варианты воздействия на иммунные клетки и клетки других тканей, свидетельствует об их функциональной пластичности и, вероятно, гетерогенности. При этом вектор активности, проявляемой нейтрофилами, во многом зависит от того микроокружения, в котором они оказываются, выходя из периферического кровотока. Традиционно считаясь индукторами воспалительной реакции, нейтрофилы демонстрируют способность параллельно включать механизмы, способствующие ограничению и разрешению воспаления. Благодаря интравитальной микроскопии в моделях на животных установлена способность нейтрофилов возвращаться в кровоток после выхода во внесосудистое пространство, что бросает вызов классической концепции однонаправленности миграции нейтрофилов из сосудистого русла в ткани. Также получены доказательства, что в определенных условиях нейтрофилы могут проявлять себя как антиген-презентирующие клетки по отношению к Т-лимфоцитам и рекрутироваться из сайтов воспаления в дренирующие лимфатические узлы. И хотя многие данные получены в условиях in vitro или в моделях на животных и поэтому требуют дополнительного изучения и подтверждения, однозначно можно констатировать, что влияние нейтрофилов не ограничивается рамками системы врожденного иммунитета.

Об авторах

И. И. Долгушин

Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет МЗ РФ

Email: xxx@mail.ru

Долгушин Илья Ильич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, Президент ФГБОУ ВО ЮУГМУ Минздрава России, заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики.

454092, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64.

Россия

Е. А. Мезенцева

Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет МЗ РФ

Email: xxx@mail.ru

Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики ФГБОУ ВО ЮУГМУ Минздрава России.

454092, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64.

Россия

А. Ю. Савочкина

Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет МЗ РФ

Email: alina7423@mail.ru

Савочкина Альбина Юрьевна - доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики ФГБОУ ВО ЮУГМУ Минздрава России.

 

Россия, 454092, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64.

Е. К. Кузнецова

Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет МЗ РФ

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: xxx@mail.ru

Кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры кожных и венерических болезней.

Россия

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© Долгушин И.И., Мезенцева Е.А., Савочкина А.Ю., Кузнецова Е.К., 2019

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