MicroRNA AND TUBERCULOSIS

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Abstract

In 2015, more than 10% of tuberculosis (TB)-related deaths were attributable to M. tuberculosis with multiple drug-resistance (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistance (XDR-TB) (WHO 2016). In combination with insufficient commitment to the treatment regimen, the genetic heterogeneity and clonality of the patient's M. tuberculosis, as well as the poor permeability of the tuberculosis granuloma for the drug, can lead to monotherapy, despite the use of several drugs, which further promotes the spread of MDR and XDR-TB. Of particular concern is the rapid spread of resistance to newly introduced into clinical practice second-line drugs, intended for the treatment of MDR-TB — delamanid and bedaquiline. Thus, the spread of drug resistance to chemotherapy, along with the limited possibilities of chemotherapy in patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB, dictate the need to supplement canonical chemotherapy with TB treatment methods directed at the host. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short sequences of single-stranded RNA that control up to 60% of genes encoding protein synthesis at a post-transcriptional level. Accumulating data points to the essential role of miRs in fine tuning the host response to infection, primarily by modulating the expression of proteins involved in the reactions of innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite the fact that the established functions of miRs activity are intracellular, a number of studies have discovered highly stable extracellular miRs circulating in blood. Currently, the possibility of using these molecules as biomarkers is being actively investigated. Chronic TB inflammation is characterized by parallel or step-bystep development of regulatory and pro-inflammatory processes that affect the severity and outcome of the disease. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects are elements of the bacterial strategy in the struggle for survival in the host organism. In this review we discuss the role of miRs as markers of tuberculosis infection, the nature and prognosis of the course of the disease, the involvement of miRs in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immunity in tuberculosis infection, and the perspectives for clinical usage of miRs as means for diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.

About the authors

V. V. Eremeev

Central Tuberculosis Research Institute.

Author for correspondence.
Email: yeremeev56@mail.ru

PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Cell Technologies, Department of Immunology.

107564, Russian Federation, Moscow, Yauzskaya alley, 2.

Phone: +7 (499) 785-91-59 (office).

Russian Federation

V. V. Evstifeev

Central Tuberculosis Research Institute.

Email: fake@neicon.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Cell Technologies, Department of Immunology.

Moscow. Russian Federation

G. S. Shepelkova

Central Tuberculosis Research Institute.

Email: fake@neicon.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Cell Technologies, Department of Immunology.

Moscow. Russian Federation

A. E. Ergeshova

Central Tuberculosis Research Institute.

Email: fake@neicon.ru

Junior Researcher, Department of Surgery.

Moscow.

Russian Federation

M. A. Bagirov

Central Tuberculosis Research Institute.

Email: fake@neicon.ru

PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Surgery.

Moscow. Russian Federation

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Copyright (c) 2018 Eremeev V.V., Evstifeev V.V., Shepelkova G.S., Ergeshova A.E., Bagirov M.A.

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