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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">851</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-5-6-773-778</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Next-generation sequencing of drug resistant <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> clinical isolates in low-incidence countries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Секвенирование следующего поколения лекарственноустойчивых клинических изолятов <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> в странах с низким уровнем заболеваемости</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sodja</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Содья</surname><given-names>Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="SI">Slovenia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sodja Eva, PhD, Research Associate, National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria</p><p>Golnik 36, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia.</p><p>Phone: +386 4 2569 409. Fax: +386 4 2569 117.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Содья Эва, кандидат наук, научный сотрудник Национальной микобактериологической референс-лаборатории</p><p>Голник 36, 4204 Голник, Словения.</p><p>Тел.: +386 4 2569 409. Факс: +386 4 2569 117.</p></bio><email>eva.sodja@klinika-golnik.si</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toplak</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топлак</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="SI">Slovenia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Field Application Specialist for Molecular Biology, Research Team of Omega d.o.o.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат наук, специалист в области молекулярной биологии, научная группа Omega d.o.o.</p></bio><email>natasa.toplak@omega.si</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koren</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корен</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="SI">Slovenia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Manager of Life Science Perkin Elmer and Field Application Specialist, Research Team of Omega d.o.o.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат наук, менеджер Life Science Perkin Elmer и научной группы Omega d.o.o.</p></bio><email>simon.koren@omega.si</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovač</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковач</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="SI">Slovenia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Manager of Thermo Fisher Scientific Sales Team and Research Team of Omega d.o.o.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат наук, менеджер по продажам Thermo Fisher Scientific и научной группы Omega d.o.o.</p></bio><email>minka.kovac@omega.si</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Truden</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Труден</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="SI">Slovenia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MSc, Analytics, National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр, специалист Национальной микобактериологической референс-лаборатории</p></bio><email>sara.truden@klinika-golnik.si</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Žolni-Dovč</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жолнир-Довч</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="SI">Slovenia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат наук, зав. Национальной микобактериологической референс-лабораторией</p></bio><email>manca.zolnir@klinika-golnik.si</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университетская клиника респираторных и аллергических болезней, Голник</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Omega d.o.o., Ljubljana</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Omega d.o.o., Любляна</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>5-6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>773</fpage><lpage>778</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-18"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-09-08"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Sodja E., Toplak N., Koren S., Kovač M., Truden S., Žolni-Dovč M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Содья Э., Топлак Н., Корен С., Ковач М., Труден С., Жолнир-Довч М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sodja E., Toplak N., Koren S., Kovač M., Truden S., Žolni-Dovč M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Содья Э., Топлак Н., Корен С., Ковач М., Труден С., Жолнир-Довч М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/851">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/851</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB), especially multidrug (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, is still a serious problem in global TB control. Slovenia and North Macedonia are low-incidence countries with TB incidence rates of 5.4 and 10.4 in 2017, respectively. In both countries, the percentage of drug resistant TB is very low with sporadic cases of MDR-TB. However, global burden of drug-resistant TB continues to increase imposing huge impact on public health systems and strongly stimulating the detection of gene variants related with drug resistance in TB. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can provide comprehensive analysis of gene variants linked to drug resistance in <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the feasibility of a full-length gene analysis for the drug resistance related genes (<italic>inhA, katG, rpoB, embB</italic>) using Ion Torrent technology and to compare the NGS results with those obtained from conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) in TB isolates. Between 1996 and 2017, we retrospectively selected 56 TB strains from our National mycobacterial culture collection. Of those, 33 TB isolates from Slovenian patients were isolated from various clinical samples and subjected to phenotypic DST testing in Laboratory for Mycobacteria (University Clinic Golnik, Slovenia). The remaining 23 TB isolates were isolated from Macedonian patients and sent to our laboratory for assistance in phenotypic DST testing. TB strains included were either mono-, poly- or multidrug resistant. For control purposes, we also randomly selected five TB strains susceptible to first-line anti-TB drugs. High concordance between genetic (Ion Torrent technology) and standard phenotypic DST testing for isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol was observed, with percent of agreement of 77%, 93.4% and 93.3%, sensitivities of 68.2%, 100% and 100%, and specificities of 100%, 80% and 88.2%, respectively. In conclusion, the genotypic DST using Ion Torrent semiconductor NGS successfully predicted drug resistance with significant shortening of time needed to obtain the resistance profiles from several weeks to just a few days.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Лекарственноустойчивый туберкулез (ЛУ-ТБ), особенно ТБ с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ-ТБ) и ТБ с широкой лекарственной устойчивостью (ШЛУ-ТБ), до сих пор представляет серьезную проблему глобального контроля ЛУ-ТБ. Словения и Северная Македония являются странами с низким низким уровнем заболеваемости ЛУ-ТБ, которые в 2017 г. составили 5,4 и 10,4 на 100 тыс. населения, соответственно. В обеих странах доля ЛУ-ТБ крайне низка, выявляются лишь спорадические случаи МЛУ-ТБ. Однако глобальный уровень ЛУ-ТБ продолжает расти, оказывая существенное влияние на систему здравоохранения, а также способствуя обнаружению генетических вариантов, связанных с ЛУ-ТБ. Секвенирование следующего поколения (next generation sequencing [NGS]) может предоставить возможность глубокого анализа генетических вариаций, ассоциированных с лекарственной устойчивостью <italic>Mycobacterium</italic> <italic>tuberculosis</italic>. Целью настоящего исследования была оценка применимости анализа таких генов (<italic>inhA, katG, rpoB, embB</italic>) с использованием технологии Ion Torrent и сравнения данных NGS и стандартного фенотипического определения лекарственной чувствительности (drug susceptibility testing [DST]) изолятов ЛУ-ТБ. Было проведено ретроспективное исследование 56 ЛУ-ТБ штаммов, полученных в течение 1996–2017 гг. из Национальной коллекции культур микобактерий (Голник, Словения). Из них, 33 изолята было получено от пациентов из Словении из различных клинических образцов, подвергнутых фенотипическому тестированию DST в Лаборатории микобактерий (University Clinic Golnik, Slovenia). Остальные 23 изолята были выделены от пациентов из Северной Македонии, и переданы в нашу лабораторию для помощи в проведении тестирования DST. ЛУТБ штаммы обладали моно-, полиили множественной лекарственной устойчивостью. В качестве контрольных образцов были использованы случайным образом отобранные пять штаммов, чувствительных к противотуберкулезным препаратам первого ряда. В результате, показана высокая степень соответствия между генетическими (Ion Torrent) данными и результатами стандартного фенотипического DST для изониазида, рифампицина и этамбутола, с показателем согласия 77, 93,4 и 93,3%, чувствительностью — 68,2, 100 и 100%, специфичностью — 100, 80 и 88,2% соответственно. Таким образом, генотипическое тестирование лекарственной устойчивости с применением NGS в формате полупроводниковой технологии Ion Torrent успешно выявило лекарственную устойчивость с резким сокращением времени, необходимого для получения профиля резистентности — с нескольких недель до двух дней.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>drug resistant tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>multidrug resistant tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing</kwd><kwd>Ion Torrent</kwd><kwd>phenotypic drug susceptibility testing</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туберкулез</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>лекарственноустойчивый туберкулез</kwd><kwd>туберкулез с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью</kwd><kwd>секвенирование следующего поколения</kwd><kwd>Ion Torrent</kwd><kwd>фенотипическое определение лекарственной чувствительности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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