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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-3-4-429-436</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">General characteristics and clinical significance of Nocardia and Gordonia genera</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Общая характеристика и клиническое значение представителей родов Nocardia и Gordonia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyamin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лямин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of General and Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Allergology,</p><p>Samara</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры общей и клинической микробиологии, иммунологии и аллергологии,</p><p>г. Самара</p></bio><email>avlyamin@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhestkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жестков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of General and Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Allergology,</p><p>Samara</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой общей и клинической микробиологии, иммунологии и аллергологии,</p><p>г. Самара</p></bio><email>avzhestkov2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>Т. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of General and Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Allergology,</p><p>Samara</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры общей и клинической микробиологии, иммунологии и аллергологии,</p><p>г. Самара</p></bio><email>nikitinatr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Podsevalov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подсевалов</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student, Faculty of General Medicine,</p><p>Samara</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент лечебного факультета,</p><p>г. Самара</p></bio><email>trofimov.artem.98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trofimov</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трофимов</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student, Faculty of General Medicine,</p><p>Samara</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент лечебного факультета,</p><p>г. Самара</p></bio><email>trofimov.artem.98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismatullin</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исматуллин</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident Physician, Department of Fundamental and Clinical Biochemistry With Laboratory Diagnostics,</p><p>Samara</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор кафедры фундаментальной и клинической биохимии с лабораторной диагностикой,</p><p>г. Самара</p></bio><email>danirhalitov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Самарский государственный медицинский университет МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samar aState Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Самарский государственный медицинский университет МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3-4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>429</fpage><lpage>436</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-18"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-05-29"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Lyamin A.V., Zhestkov A.V., Nikitina T.R., Podsevalov V.S., Trofimov A.R., Ismatullin D.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Лямин А.В., Жестков А.В., Никитина Т.Р., Подсевалов В.С., Трофимов А.Р., Исматуллин Д.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lyamin A.V., Zhestkov A.V., Nikitina T.R., Podsevalov V.S., Trofimov A.R., Ismatullin D.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лямин А.В., Жестков А.В., Никитина Т.Р., Подсевалов В.С., Трофимов А.Р., Исматуллин Д.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/850">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/850</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the last years, an increasing attention in modern medical microbiology has been paid to examining Actinomycetaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Nocardiaceae, Gordoniaceae sps. Members of the Mycobacteriaceae family are increasingly examined in research and real-life practice, whereas bacteria belonging to families such as Nocardiaceae and Gordoniaceae remain poorly investigated despite novel methods emerging in practical microbiology that allow to more accurately identify microorganisms. According to the current classification, the genus Nocardia includes over 80 species, most of which rarely result in human disease development. Most often, members of the genus Nocardia cause lesions in bronchopulmonary system, which, however, may also cause development of pathological processes in other anatomical sites. Likewise, members of the genus Gordonia may also trigger infectious lesions in human, which were previously often incorrectly identified as other actinomycetes or mycobacteria. Owing to use of 16S rRNA sequencing, it substantially improved identification of these bacteria. Currently, an increasing number of microorganisms with potential clinical significance has been recorded. In addition, similar to nocardiosis, diverse primary and secondary immunodeficiencies play a primary role in gordonii-associated development of pathological processes. However, an additional risk factor may be represented by pathological conditions associated with ingestion of foreign bodies colonized by such microorganisms. Most often, members the genus Nocardia cause lesions in the bronchopulmonary system able, however, affect other anatomical areas. Half of all cases of pulmonary nocardiosis are accompanied by pathological processes of extrapulmonary localization, whereas as low as 20% of patients manifest with extrapulmonary form of the disease usually occurring when the pathogen spreads hematogenously or via other routes also highlighted by primary pulmonary lesion. Moreover, members of the genus Gordonia may result in similar infectious lesions. Currently, the number of aerobic actinomycetes of potential clinical significance is increasing that may be due to their role in diverse pathological processes of various etiologies, which have been more often reported in scientific publications. Few reports regarding infections caused by the genus Gordonia ara available which may be due to a paucity of microorganisms isolated from clinical material or false identification as mycobacteria or Nocardia. Similar to nocardiosis, diverse immunodeficiencies play a primary role in the development of pathological processes associated with Gordonia. However, an additional risk factor may be linked to pathological conditions associated with the ingestion of foreign bodies colonized by these microorganisms. Available publications allows to underline etiological significance of Gordonia in development of cholecystitis, granulomatous skin lesions, eyelid abscess of other soft tissues, granulomatous mastitis, brain abscess and meningitis, as well as external otitis, bronchitis, endocarditis and mediastinitis. In addition, all these microorganisms can cause bacteremia associated with use of a central venous catheter. Owing to emergence of new detection methods as well as elevated rate of immunocompromised patients, and subsequently increased amount of new cases caused by members of the Nocardiaceae and Gordoniaceae families, an interest they rise will grow progressively.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последнее время в современной медицинской микробиологии довольно большое внимание уделено изучению семейств Actinomycetaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Nocardiaceae, Gordoniaceae. Представители семейства Mycobacteriaceae все чаще становятся объектом научного и практического интереса, в то время как бактерии из таких семейств, как Nocardiaceae и Gordoniaceae остаются малоизученными, несмотря на то что в практической микробиологии появляются новые методы, позволяющие проводить более точную идентификацию микроорганизмов. По данным современной классификации, род Nocardia включает в себя свыше 80 видов, большинство из которых редко вызывают заболевания у людей. Наиболее часто представители рода Nocardia вызывают поражения бронхолегочной системы, однако возможно развитие патологических процессов других локализаций. Такая же ситуация складывается с инфекционными поражениями, обусловленными представителями рода Gordonia. Представители рода Gordonia ранее часто неправильно идентифицировались в качестве других актиномицет или микобактерий, но использование 16S рРНК секвенирования позволило значительно улучшить идентификацию этих микроорганизмов. В настоящее время число микроорганизмов, имеющих потенциальное клиническое значение среди аэробных актиномицет возрастает. Так же как и при нокардиозах, первичные и вторичные иммунодефициты различной этиологии играют первостепенную роль в развитии патологических процессов, связанных с гордониями. Однако дополнительным фактором риска может быть патологические состояния, связанные с попаданием в организм человека инородных тел, колонизированных данными микроорганизмами. Наиболее часто представители рода Nocardia вызывают поражения в бронхолегочной системе, однако возможно развитие патологии и других локализаций. Половина всех случаев легочного нокардиоза сопровождается патологическими процессами внелегочной локализации. Только около 20% пациентов имеют внелегочную форму заболевания, которая обычно возникает при распространении возбудителя гематогенно или другими путями, однако при них также характерно первичное легочное поражение. Такая же ситуация складывается с инфекционными поражениями, обусловленными представителями рода Gordonia. В настоящее время число микроорганизмов, имеющих потенциальное клиническое значение, среди аэробных актиномицет возрастает, в связи с этим все чаще в научной литературе поднимается вопрос об их роли в патологических процессах различной этиологии. Сообщений об инфекциях, связанных с бактериями из рода Gordonia, относительно мало, что возможно связано с тем, что большое количество микроорганизмов может быть не выделено из клинического материала или они могут быть ошибочно идентифицированы как микобактерии или нокардии. Так же как и при нокардиозах, иммунодефициты различной этиологии играют первостепенную роль в развитии патологических процессов, связанных с гордониями. Однако дополнительным фактором риска могут быть патологические состояния, связанные с попаданием в организм человека инородных тел, колонизированных данными микроорганизмами. В ряде публикаций описано этиологическое значение гордоний при развитии холицистита, гранулематозного поражения кожи, абсцесса века, других мягких тканей, гранулематозного мастита, абсцесса мозга и менингита, а также наружного отита, бронхита, эндокардита и медиастенита. Помимо этого, все эти микроорганизмы могут вызвать бактериемию, связанную с использованием центрального венозного катетера. И в связи с появлением новых методов идентификации, увеличением количества иммунокомпрометированных пациентов, и, как следствие, и выявлением новых случаев заболеваний, вызванных представителями семейств Nocardiaceae и Gordoniaceae, интерес к данным группам микроорганизмов будет только расти.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Nocardia</kwd><kwd>Gordonia</kwd><kwd>clinical significance</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нокардии</kwd><kwd>гордонии</kwd><kwd>клиническое значение</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Определитель бактерий Берджи: в 2 т. Под ред. Дж. Хоулта, Н. Крига, П. Смита, Дж. Стейли, С. Уилльямса. М.: Мир, 1997. 800 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. 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