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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="brief-report" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">824</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-ATI-824</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Short Communication</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Advanced technologies in diagnostics of viral diseases of unknown etiology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Передовые технологии в диагностике вирусных заболеваний неясной этиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-0296</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khafizov</surname><given-names>K. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хафизов</surname><given-names>К. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kamil F. Khafizov - PhD (Biology), Scientific Group Leader, CRIE; Head of the Laboratory for the Development of New Genomics Methods, CSP.</p><p>111123, Moscow, Novogireevskaya str. 3a,Phone: +7 917 597-20-85 (mobile)</p><p/></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хафизов Камиль Фаридович - кандидат биологических наук, руководитель научной группы, ФБУН ЦНИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзоразав; зведующий лабораторией разработки новых методов геномики ФГБУ Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью МЗ РФ.</p><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а, Тел.: 8 917 597-20-85 (моб.)</p></bio><email>kkhafizov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6326-1249</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Speranskaya</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сперанская</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Speranskaya A.S., PhD, Researcher, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, CRIE; Researcher, Department of Higher Plants, Lomonosov MSU</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник отдела молекулярной диагностики и эпидемиологии ФБУН ЦНИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора; научный сотрудник кафедры высших растений МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>hanna.s.939@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-9169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matsvay</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мацвай</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Matsvay A.D., Junior Researcher, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Group for the Development of New Diagnostic Methods Based on Next-Generation Sequencing, CRIE; Laboratory Assistant, Laboratory of Historical Genetics, Radiocarbon Analysis and Applied Physics, MIPT.</p>Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник отдела молекулярной диагностики, научная группа разработки новых методов диагностики на основе секвенирования следующего поколения ФБУН ЦНИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора; лаборант лаборатории исторической генетики, радиоуглеродного анализа и прикладной физики МФТИ.</p><p>Москва; Долгопрудный, Московская область</p></bio><email>arity767@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-6601</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shipulin</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шипулин</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shipulin G.A., PhD (Medicine), Deputy Director on Science and Production, CSP.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель директора по научнопроизводственной работе ФГБУ Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью МЗ РФ.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>shipgerman@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-0169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dedkov</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дедков</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Dedkov V.G., PhD (Medicine), Deputy Director on Science, St.PPI; Leading Researcher, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases.</p>St. Petersburg, Moscow</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель директора по науке ФБУН НИИ ЭМ им. Пастера; ведущий научный сотрудник ИМПТТЗ им. Е.И. Марциновского.</p><p>Санкт Петербург, Москва</p></bio><email>vgdedkov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН ЦНИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center of Strategical Planning of the Ministry of Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт медицинской паразитологии, тропических и трансмиссивных заболеваний им. Е.И. Марциновского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-14"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-06-04"><day>04</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Khafizov K.F., Speranskaya A.S., Matsvay A.D., Shipulin G.A., Dedkov V.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Хафизов К.Ф., Сперанская А.С., Мацвай А.Д., Шипулин Г.А., Дедков В.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khafizov K.F., Speranskaya A.S., Matsvay A.D., Shipulin G.A., Dedkov V.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хафизов К.Ф., Сперанская А.С., Мацвай А.Д., Шипулин Г.А., Дедков В.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/824">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/824</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Unveiling origin of infectious diseases with unknown etiology is one of the major issues in contemporary medicine, since a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis may, unfortunately, be obtained solely in very few cases. Because the majority of the most common mid-latitude infections display a typical overt clinical picture, this problem has not been paid a proper attention until recently. Recent rise in incidence rate of infectious diseases lacking typical clinical signs observed lately makes it extremely important to consider the problem more closely. It is believed that such trend is due to a whole body of reasons, including impaired sanitary control, increased both internal and external migration flows, refusal of vaccination in case of long-lasting epidemic wellbeing, emergence of atypical bacterial strains of bacteria resulting from irrational antibiotic therapy etc. Viruses constitute the largest group of organisms on our planet accounting for them as the most common causative agent of infectious diseases of unknown etiology. Some estimates obtained by mathematical modeling propose that at least 320,000 types of viruses capable of infecting mammals may exist, most of which have not been described yet. Hence, monitoring circulation of the known viral pathogens, tracing down their spreading and changes in genome nucleotide sequence as well as revealing new types of viruses become important aspects of epidemiological surveillance necessary for timely response to emerging threats, prediction and early detection of outbreaks both in humans and animals. This review summarizes traditional molecular genetics methods for detection of viral pathogens, such as PCR, real-time PCR, Sanger sequencing with pre-cloning, and methods based on the second and third generation sequencing. Therefore, a more detailed overview was provided to diverse methods based on using such technologies because viral infectious agents investigated with high-throughput sequencing (or NGS — Next Generation Sequencing) has been increasingly appreciated as feasible for diagnostics, disease control, molecular epidemiology and infection control. Finally, a special attention was also paid to the approaches used to enrich the viral genetic material in samples containing low amount of pathogen nucleic acids.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Расшифровка инфекционных заболеваний неясной этиологии является одной из актуальных проблем современной медицины, потому как получение лабораторно подтвержденного диагноза, к сожалению, удается осуществить лишь в весьма небольшой доле случаев таких заболеваний. Так как большая часть часто встречающихся в средних широтах инфекционных заболеваний имеет характерную выраженную клиническую картину, до недавнего времени этой проблеме не уделялось должного внимания. Возрастание числа случаев инфекционных заболеваний, не характеризующихся идентифицируемым набором клинических признаков, наблюдаемое в последнее время, заставляет рассматривать проблему более пристально. Считается, что такая тенденция обусловлена рядом обстоятельств, включая ослабление санитарного контроля территорий, усиление миграционных потоков, как внутренних, так и внешних, отказ от вакцинации на фоне длительного периода эпидемического благополучия, возникновение атипичных штаммов бактерий как следствие нерациональной антибиотикотерапии, и другие. Вирусы являются наиболее распространенными организмами на нашей планете, что обуславливает ведущую роль инфекционных агентов вирусной природы в структуре инфекционных заболеваний неясной этиологии. По некоторым оценкам, полученным методами математического моделирования, существует не менее 320 000 видов вирусов, способных к инфицированию млекопитающих, большая часть которых еще не описана. Поэтому мониторинг циркуляции известных вирусных патогенов, отслеживание путей их распространения, эволюции и изменений нуклеотидной последовательности их геномов, а также выявление новых видов вирусов становятся жизненно важными аспектами эпидемиологического надзора, необходимыми для своевременного реагирования на возникающие угрозы, прогнозирования и раннего выявления вспышек вирусных заболеваний человека и животных. В представленном обзоре рассматриваются как традиционные молекулярно-генетические методы выявления вирусных патогенов, такие как методы ПЦР, ПЦР в режиме реального времени, секвенирование по Сенгеру с предварительным клонированием, так и методы, основанные на применении секвенирования второго и третьего поколений. В связи с тем, что исследование вирусных инфекционных агентов с помощью технологий высокопроизводительного секвенирования NGS (англ. Next Generation Sequencing) на сегодняшний день приобретает все большее практическое значение для диагностики, борьбы с болезнями, молекулярной эпидемиологии и инфекционного контроля, более подробное рассмотрение получили различные методы, основанные на применении этих технологий. Особое место было также отведено подходам, применяющимся для обогащения вирусного генетического материала в образцах с низким содержанием нуклеиновых кислот патогена.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>viruses</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>unknown etiology</kwd><kwd>infectious diseases</kwd><kwd>molecular genetics</kwd><kwd>NGS</kwd><kwd>sequencing</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>enrichment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирусы</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>неизвестная этиология</kwd><kwd>инфекционные заболевания</kwd><kwd>молекулярная генетика</kwd><kwd>NGS</kwd><kwd>секвенирование</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd><kwd>обогащение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом РНФ №17-74-20096</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	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