Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and ImmunityИнфекция и иммунитет2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI804510.15789/2220-7619-VPE-8045REVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleVirus-like particle endocytosis pathways and presentation of captured antigensПути эндоцитоза вирусоподобных частиц и презентация поглощенных антигеновTalayevVladimir Yu.ТалаевВладимир Юрьевич
Russian Federation

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

д.м.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией клеточной иммунологии

talaev@inbox.ruZaichenkoIrina Ye.ЗаиченкоИрина Евгеньевна
Russian Federation

PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

к.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунологии

talaev@inbox.ruBabaykinaOlga N.БабайкинаОльга Николаевна
Russian Federation

PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунологии

talaev@inbox.ruSvetlovaMaria V.СветловаМария Владимировна
Russian Federation

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунологии

talaev@inbox.ruVoroninaElena V.ВоронинаЕлена Викторовна
Russian Federation

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунологии

talaev@inbox.ruAcademician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human WellbeingФБУН Нижегородский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. академика И.Н. Блохиной Роспотребнадзора10042023240420231322192331603202307042023Copyright ©; 2023, Talayev V.Y., Zaichenko I.Y., Babaykina O.N., Svetlova M.V., Voronina E.V.Copyright ©; 2023, Талаев В.Ю., Заиченко И.Е., Бабайкина О.Н., Светлова М.В., Воронина Е.В.2023Talayev V.Y., Zaichenko I.Y., Babaykina O.N., Svetlova M.V., Voronina E.V.Талаев В.Ю., Заиченко И.Е., Бабайкина О.Н., Светлова М.В., Воронина Е.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/8045

The proteins of many viruses can be assembled into strictly organized structures — virus-like particles bearing antigens of the original viruses and may also be artificially decorated with antigens of other pathogens. These particles contain no viral genome and lack infectivity but can be highly immunogenic and therefore being actively used for vaccine development. Undoubtedly, while designing vaccines, it is necessary to take into account information about the interaction of vaccine components with immune system particularly antigen-presenting cells. This is especially important for virus-like particles because, like other nanometer-sized particles, they can enter antigen-presenting cells using various endocytosis pathways. The latter exploit multiple receptors, generate endocytic vesicles of different sizes, and, most importantly, are associated with varying fates of captured material. Here we review the mechanisms of phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, rapid endophilin-mediated endocytosis, and several endocytic pathways associated with lipid rafts. The data are presented on the relationship between various endocytic pathways and sorting of absorbed cargo in early endosomes as well as enzymatic degradation of the late endosomes contents. We also describe the mechanisms of distribution of absorbed antigens within antigen-presenting cells to be loaded onto the class I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules. The data are presented on the endocytosis of various viruses during cell infection, as well as a comparative analysis of the endocytosis pathways for virus-like particles and related viruses. It has been noted that virus-like particles, along with the absorption pathway specific for parent virus, can rely on additional endocytic pathways to be also artificially “targeted” at the selected endocytic receptor and relevant absorption pathway. It allows to select or design particles with optimal endocytosis and antigen presentation to induce a protective immune response upon vaccination. It should be assumed that most prophylactic vaccines require particles that are well engulfed by antigen presenting cells and direct material to endolysosomal degradation, or particles whose uptake directs material to both late and static early endosomes, making antigens available for «direct» and cross presentations. Finally, we discuss virus-like particles for the delivery of drugs or genetically engineered constructs, as well as optimal endocytic pathways that should protect the payload of these particles from endolysosomal degradation.

Белки многих вирусов могут собираться в строго организованные структуры — вирусоподобные частицы, которые несут антигены исходных вирусов, а также могут быть искусственно «декорированы» антигенами других возбудителей. Эти частицы не содержат вирусного генома и лишены инфекционности, но могут обладать высокой иммуногенностью и поэтому активно используются для разработки вакцин. Не вызывает сомнения, что при конструировании вакцин необходимо учитывать сведения о взаимодействии их компонентов с иммунной системой, в частности, с антигенпрезентирующими клетками. Особенно важно это для вирусоподобных частиц, поскольку они, подобно другим частицам нанометровых размеров, могут проникать в антигенпрезентирующие клетки с помощью различных путей эндоцитоза. Эти пути используют множество рецепторов, генерируют эндоцитарные везикулы разного размера и, что особенно актуально, ассоциированы с различной судьбой поглощенного материала. В обзоре описаны механизмы фагоцитоза, макропиноцитоза, клатрин-опосредованного эндоцитоза, быстрого эндофилин-опосредованного эндоцитоза и несколько эндоцитарных путей, ассоциированных с липидными рафтами. Приведены данные о связи различных эндоцитарных путей с сортировкой поглощенного груза в ранних эндосомах и ферментативной деградацией содержимого поздних эндосом. Обсуждаются механизмы распределения поглощенных антигенов внутри антигенпрезентирующих клеток для загрузки на молекулы главного комплекса гистосовместимости I и II классов. Представлены данные об эндоцитозе различных вирусов при инфицировании клеток, а также сравнительный анализ путей эндоцитоза вирусоподобных частиц и родственных им вирусов. Отмечается, что вирусоподобные частицы, наряду с путем поглощения, специфичным для исходного вируса, могут использовать дополнительные эндоцитарные пути, а также могут быть искусственно «нацелены» на определенный рецептор и соответствующий ему путь поглощения. Это дает возможность выбора или конструирования частиц с оптимальными показателями эндоцитоза и презентации антигенов для индукции протективного иммунного ответа при вакцинации. Следует предположить, что для большинства профилактических вакцин нужны частицы, которые хорошо поглощаются антигенпрезентирующими клетками и направляют материал на эндолизосомальную деградацию, или частицы, поглощение которых направляет материал как в поздние, так и в статические ранние эндосомы, обеспечивая доступность антигенов для «прямой» и перекрестной антигенной презентации. Наконец, в обзоре обсуждаются вирусоподобные частицы для доставки лекарств или генно-инженерных конструкций и оптимальные эндоцитарные пути, которые должны защищать полезную нагрузку этих частиц от эндолизосомной деградации.

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