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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">780</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-309-315</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">MicroRNA AND TUBERCULOSIS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>МикроРНК И ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremeev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Cell Technologies, Department of Immunology.</p><p>107564, Russian Federation, Moscow, Yauzskaya alley, 2.</p><p>Phone: +7 (499) 785-91-59 (office).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. лабораторией клинической иммуногенетики и клеточных технологий отдела иммунологии.</p><p>107564, Россия, Москва, Яузская аллея, 2.</p><p>Тел.: 8 (499) 785-91-59 (служебн.).</p></bio><email>yeremeev56@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evstifeev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евстифеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Cell Technologies, Department of Immunology.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммуногенетики и клеточных технологий отдела иммунологии.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shepelkova</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шепелькова</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Cell Technologies, Department of Immunology.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммуногенетики и клеточных технологий отдела иммунологии.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ergeshova</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эргешова</surname><given-names>А. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Surgery.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник отдела хирургии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bagirov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Багиров</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Surgery.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. отделом хирургии.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Tuberculosis Research Institute.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-11-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>309</fpage><lpage>315</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Eremeev V.V., Evstifeev V.V., Shepelkova G.S., Ergeshova A.E., Bagirov M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Еремеев В.В., Евстифеев В.В., Шепелькова Г.С., Эргешова А.Э., Багиров М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eremeev V.V., Evstifeev V.V., Shepelkova G.S., Ergeshova A.E., Bagirov M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еремеев В.В., Евстифеев В.В., Шепелькова Г.С., Эргешова А.Э., Багиров М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/780">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/780</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In 2015, more than 10% of tuberculosis (TB)-related deaths were attributable to M. tuberculosis with multiple drug-resistance (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistance (XDR-TB) (WHO 2016). In combination with insufficient commitment to the treatment regimen, the genetic heterogeneity and clonality of the patient's M. tuberculosis, as well as the poor permeability of the tuberculosis granuloma for the drug, can lead to monotherapy, despite the use of several drugs, which further promotes the spread of MDR and XDR-TB. Of particular concern is the rapid spread of resistance to newly introduced into clinical practice second-line drugs, intended for the treatment of MDR-TB — delamanid and bedaquiline. Thus, the spread of drug resistance to chemotherapy, along with the limited possibilities of chemotherapy in patients with MDR-TB and XDR-TB, dictate the need to supplement canonical chemotherapy with TB treatment methods directed at the host. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short sequences of single-stranded RNA that control up to 60% of genes encoding protein synthesis at a post-transcriptional level. Accumulating data points to the essential role of miRs in fine tuning the host response to infection, primarily by modulating the expression of proteins involved in the reactions of innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite the fact that the established functions of miRs activity are intracellular, a number of studies have discovered highly stable extracellular miRs circulating in blood. Currently, the possibility of using these molecules as biomarkers is being actively investigated. Chronic TB inflammation is characterized by parallel or step-bystep development of regulatory and pro-inflammatory processes that affect the severity and outcome of the disease. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects are elements of the bacterial strategy in the struggle for survival in the host organism. In this review we discuss the role of miRs as markers of tuberculosis infection, the nature and prognosis of the course of the disease, the involvement of miRs in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immunity in tuberculosis infection, and the perspectives for clinical usage of miRs as means for diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В 2015 г. более десятой части связанных с туберкулезом (ТБ) смертей были обусловлены Mycobacterium tuberculosis с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ ТБ) и широкой лекарственной устойчивостью (ШЛУ ТБ) (WHO, 2016). В сочетании с недостаточной приверженностью к режиму лечения, генетическая гетерогенность и клональность штаммов M. tuberculosis больного, а также слабая проницаемость туберкулезной гранулемы для противотуберкулезных препаратов (ПТП) способны приводить к снижению эффективности применяемой терапии, что в еще большей степени способствует распространению МЛУ и ШЛУ ТБ. Особое беспокойство вызывает факт быстрого распространения устойчивости к недавно введенным в клиническую практику ПТП второго ряда, предназначенным для лечения МЛУ ТБ — деламаниду и бедаквилину. Таким образом, распространение лекарственной устойчивости к ПТП наряду с ограниченными возможностями химиотерапии у больных МЛУ ТБ и ШЛУ ТБ настоятельно диктуют необходимость дополнения канонической химиотерапии ТБ методами лечения, направленными на хозяина. МикроРНК (miRs) представляют собой короткие последовательности одноцепочечной РНК, которые на посттранскрипционном уровне контролируют до 60% генов, кодирующих синтез белков. Накапливаются данные, указывающие на существенную роль miRs в тонкой настройке реакции организма на инфекцию, в первую очередь за счет модуляции экспрессии белков, вовлеченных в реакции врожденного и адаптивного иммунного ответа. Несмотря на то, что установленные на текущий момент проявления активности miRs локализованы внутри клеток, в ряде исследований обнаружены очень стабильные циркулирующие в крови внеклеточные miRs. В настоящее время активно изучается возможность использования этих молекул в качестве биологических маркеров. Течение ТБ характеризуется состоянием длительного хронического воспаления, в ходе которого развивающиеся параллельно или поэтапно регуляторные и провоспалительные процессы влияют на тяжесть и исход заболевания. Как про-, так и противовоспалительные воздействия служат элементами стратегии бактерий в борьбе за выживание в организме хозяина. В нашем обзоре рассматривается роль miRs в качестве маркеров туберкулезной инфекции, характера и прогноза течения заболевания, участие miRs в регуляции врожденного и адаптивного звеньев иммунного ответа на туберкулезную инфекцию, а также дана оценка перспектив клинического применения miRs для диагностики и лечения туберкулеза.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>innate and adaptive immune response</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туберкулез</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>адаптивный иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Barry S.E., Chan B., Ellis M., Yang Y., Plit M.L., Guan G., Wang X., Britton W.J., Saunders B.M. Identification of miR-93 as a suitable miR for normalizing miRNA in plasma of tuberculosis patients. J. Cell. Mol. 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