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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">773</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-251-262</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">THE ROLE OF INNATE IMMUNITY RECEPTORS (TLRs) IN MAINTAINING THE HOMEOSTASIS OF THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT IN DEVELOPING PREGNANCY AND INTRAUTERINE INFECTION</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>РОЛЬ РЕЦЕПТОРОВ ВРОЖДЕННОГО ИММУНИТЕТА (TLRs) В ПОДДЕРЖАНИИ ГОМЕОСТАЗА ГЕНИТАЛЬНОГО ТРАКТА ЖЕНЩИН, В РАЗВИТИИ БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ И ПРИ ВНУТРИУТРОБНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karaulov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Караулов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>RAS Full Member, PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Allergology and Immunology.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой клинической аллергологии и иммунологии.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasiev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head Researcher.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleshkin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алешкин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>hD, MD (Biology), Professor, Director.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, директор.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondarenko</surname><given-names>N. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондаренко</surname><given-names>Н. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Allergology and Immunology.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры клинической аллергологии и иммунологии.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voropaeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воропаева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Deputy Director.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., зам. директора.</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasiev</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьев</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Clinical Allergology and Immunology.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры клинической аллергологии и иммунологии.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nesvizhsky</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Несвижский</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Dean of the Faculty for Preventive Medicine.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>д.м.н., профессор, декан медико-профилактического факультета.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Diagnostic of Diphtheria and Pertussis Infections.</p><p>125212, Russian Federation, Moscow, Admiral Makarov str., 10.</p><p>Phone: +7 (499) 747-64-84 (office); +7 916 147-19-60 (mobile). </p><p>Fax: +7 (495) 452-18-30.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, руководитель лаборатории диагностики дифтерийной и коклюшной инфекций.</p><p>125212, Россия, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, 10.</p><p>Тел.: 8 (499) 747-64-84 (служебн.); 8 916 147-19-60 (моб.).</p><p>Факс: 8 (495) 452-18-30.</p></bio><email>olgborisova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleshkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алешкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD, MD (Biology), MBA, Head of Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Biotechnology for Bacteriophages.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>д.б.н., МВА, руководитель лаборатории клинической микробиологии и биотехнологии бактериофагов.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Urban</surname><given-names>Yu. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Урбан</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD (Biology), Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Biotechnology.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической микробиологии и биотехнологии.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Diagnostic of Diphtheria and Pertussis Infections.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории диагностики дифтерийной и коклюшной инфекций.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voropaev</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воропаев</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Biotechnology.</p>Moscow.</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической микробиологии и биотехнологии.</p>Москва.</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова МЗ РФ.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-11-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>251</fpage><lpage>262</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Karaulov A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A., Bondarenko N.L., Voropaeva E.A., Afanasiev M.S., Nesvizhsky Y.V., Borisova O.Y., Aleshkin A.V., Urban Y.N., Borisova A.B., Voropaev A.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Караулов А.В., Афанасьев С.С., Алешкин В.А., Бондаренко Н.Л., Воропаева Е.А., Афанасьев М.С., Несвижский Ю.В., Борисова О.Ю., Алешкин А.В., Урбан Ю.Н., Борисова А.Б., Воропаев А.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karaulov A.V., Afanasiev S.S., Aleshkin V.A., Bondarenko N.L., Voropaeva E.A., Afanasiev M.S., Nesvizhsky Y.V., Borisova O.Y., Aleshkin A.V., Urban Y.N., Borisova A.B., Voropaev A.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Караулов А.В., Афанасьев С.С., Алешкин В.А., Бондаренко Н.Л., Воропаева Е.А., Афанасьев М.С., Несвижский Ю.В., Борисова О.Ю., Алешкин А.В., Урбан Ю.Н., Борисова А.Б., Воропаев А.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/773">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/773</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the present systematic literature review is to summarize data on the role of TLRs in maintaining homeostasis of the female genitals, in maintaining the physiological development of pregnancy, provision of anti-infective resistance in pregnant women with intrauterine infection. The review substantiates the importance of TLRs of female genitals as a necessary and determining factor in the reaction to various changes in the environment, and also responsible for changes in metabolic, structural, or energy, in the maintenance of anti-infective resistance and homeostasis. As universal regulators of vital activity of organism TLRs in conjunction with other receptors of innate immunity provide maintaining the general reactivity and anti-infective resistance at the physiological level. In physiologically developing pregnancy in a background of immunosuppression in response to pregnancy TLRs during contact with infectious and non-infectious pathogens stimulate the production of nonspecific adaptive immunity factors (defensins, cathelicidins, histatines, etc.), which together with the non-specific innate factors lysozyme, complement, properdin, etc. support antiinfective resistance of the female genitals at a high level at the beginning of the infectious process. Possible violations of the development of pregnancy may be accompanied by changes in the response of TLRs to infectious and non-infectious factors until hyper-reaction, excessive inflammation or apoptosis, which requires adequate management of pregnancy. Was established the significance of the influence of pathogens of infectious and noninfectious origin in intrauterine infection indirectly through TLRs in the homeostasis of the organism, on the formation of breaches in anti-infective resistance at the organism and community level the identification of new pathophysiological and immunological pathogenetic mechanisms of development of pathological processes. IUI is a penetration of microorganisms into the tissues of fetus and it’s infection. The inhibition of the functional activity of TLRs is accompanied by the direct effect of the pathogen on the tissues, and during hyper-reaction of TLRs to pathogens revealed a pronounced inflammatory response in the fetus. The level of expression of TLRs correlates directly with the severity of the process that can be considered as early markers of infection. Depending on the nature of the pathogen an increased expression of one or the other TLRs is observed. Explained the lack of symptoms, the possibility of atypical manifestations, the asymptomatic course of infection.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Целью представленного систематического обзора литературы является обобщение данных о роли TLRs в поддержании гомеостаза гениталий женщин, физиологического развития беременности, в обеспечении антиинфекционной резистентности беременных с внутриутробной инфекцией. Обоснована значимость TLRs гениталий женщин как необходимого и определяющего фактора в реакции на различные изменения в окружающей среде, а также в ответе за изменения в метаболизме, структурном или энергетическом, в поддержании антиинфекционной резистентности и гомеостаза. Являясь универсальными регуляторами жизнедеятельности организма, TLRs, совместно с другими рецепторами врожденного иммунитета, обеспечивают поддержание общей реактивности и антиинфекционной резистентности на физиологическом уровне. При физиологически развивающейся беременности на фоне иммунодепрессии в ответ на беременность TLRs при контакте с инфекционными и неинфекционными патогенами стимулируют выработку неспецифических факторов адаптивного иммунитета (дефензины, кателицидины и гистатины и др.), которые совместно с врожденными неспецифическими факторами лизоцимом, комплементом, пропердином и др. поддерживают антиинфекционную резистентность гениталий женщин на высоком уровне в начале инфекционного процесса. Возможные нарушения развитии беременности могут сопровождаться изменениями реакции TLRs на инфекционные и неинфекционные факторы вплоть до гиперреакции, чрезмерным воспалительным процессом или апоптозом клеток, что требует адекватного ведения беременности. При внутри утробной инфекции установлена значимость влияния патогенов инфекционного и неинфекционного генеза опосредованно через TLRs на гомеостаз организма, на формирование нарушений в антиинфекционной резистентности на организменном и местном уровнях с выявлением новых патофизиологических и иммунологических патогенетических механизмов развития патологических процессов. Инфекция является одним из основных факторов, оказывающих влияние на изменение экспрессии TLRs во внутриутробном и постанатальном периодах развития. ВУИ представляет собой проникновение микроорганизмов в ткани плода и его заражение. При этом угнетение функциональной активности TLRs сопровождается непосредственным воздействием патогена на ткани, а при гиперреакции TLRs на патогены выявляется выраженная воспалительная реакция у плода. Уровень экспрессии TLRs прямо коррелирует с тяжестью процесса, что позволяет рассматривать их как ранние маркеры инфекции. В зависимости от природы патогена наблюдается усиление экспрессии того или иного TLRs. Объективизируются объяснения отсутствия симптоматики, возможность атипичных проявлений, бессимптомного течения инфекции.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Toll-like receptors</kwd><kwd>pregnancy</kwd><kwd>the physiological course of pregnancy</kwd><kwd>adaptive immunity</kwd><kwd>physiological immunosuppression</kwd><kwd>intrauterine infection</kwd><kwd>homeostasis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Toll-подобные рецепторы</kwd><kwd>беременность</kwd><kwd>физиологическое течение беременности</kwd><kwd>адаптивный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>физиологическая иммунодепрессия</kwd><kwd>внутриутробная инфекция</kwd><kwd>гомеостаз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Абрамченко В.В. Классическое акушерство. Книга вторая. 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