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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">76</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2012-3-603-614</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS GENOTYPING FOR EVOLUTIONARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ГЕНОТИПИРОВАНИЮ MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ДЛЯ ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫХ И ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokrousov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокроусов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной микробиологии</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14</p></bio><email>imokrousov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-07-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>603</fpage><lpage>614</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2014-07-02"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2014-07-02"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2014, Mokrousov I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2014, Мокроусов И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mokrousov I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мокроусов И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/76">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/76</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Abstract.</bold> Current genome evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is marked by virtual absence of the lateral gene transfer leading to the clonal population of this species consisting of separate genetic families. Standard typing method of M. tuberculosis (IS6110-RFLP, spoligo- and VNTR-typing) are based on variation of mobile and repetitive elements and provide sufficient strain discrimination for epidemiological purposes such as, estimation of recent transmission versus reactivation of latent tuberculosis, laboratory contamination, mixed infection. At the same time, rapid evolution of some markers may lead to emergence of identical profiles in the non-related strains (homoplasy) due to convergent evolution. Use of different independent markers may help solve this problem. Regularly updated databases are available for global and local analysis and are also important for standardised terminology and designation of the genotypes. Some of the M. tuberculosis genetic families continue to circulate in the limited areas while other families have become omnipresent due to their likely increased transmissibility and pathogeneicity (e.g., Beijing and LAM). The most frequently isolated Russian subvariant Beijing B0/W148 is marked by significantly higher population growth compared to the Russian Beijing population as a whole and hence may be defined as a successful clone in Russia. Recent years revealed higher than previously thought level of genome variation in M. tuberculosis even between related isolates. The whole-genome sequencing may become a useful typing method if its cost is reduced to be similar to that of the traditional typing methods. Accumulation of the data on old and new markers, development and use of new algorithms of their analysis will help to refine our knowledge about evolution of M. tuberculosis and its families, will provide better tools for epidemiological monitoring of the circulating strains on local and global scale.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Резюме.</bold> Современная эволюция генома возбудителя туберкулеза Mycobacterium tuberculosis отличается отсутствием латерального генетического переноса, что приводит к клональной популяционной структуре данного вида, состоящего из отдельных генетических семейств. Стандартные методы типирования, основанные на мобильных (IS6110-ПДРФ типирование) или повторяющихся (сполиготипирование и MIRU-VNTR) элементах ДНК, обеспечивают высокую дискриминацию штаммов, необходимую для выявления недавней передачи, лабораторной контаминации, микст-инфекции, различения между эндогенной реактивацией и суперинфекцией при рецидиве туберкулеза. В то же время, слишком быстрая эволюция иногда может приводить к появлению идентичных профилей у неродственных штаммов (гомоплазия) в результате конвергентной эволюции. Использование различных несвязанных маркеров может разрешить эту проблему. Регулярно обновляемые базы генотипических данных доступны для глобального и локального анализа циркулирующих штаммов, они имеют также исключительное значение и для разработки стандартизованной терминологии для обозначения генотипов возбудителя туберкулеза. Некоторые из генетических семейств M. tuberculosis продолжают цикулировать на ограниченных территориях в то время как другие семейства широко распространились в мире, вероятно, по причине повышенной вирулентности и трансмиссивности (например, Beijing и LAM). Наиболее часто встречаемый российский вариант Beijing B0/W148 отличается существенно более быстрым ростом субпопуляции по сравнению с популяцией Beijing в целом, что показывает «успешность» этого варианта M. tuberculosis в России. Последние достижения в геномике микобактерий выявили более существенный уровень генетической вариабельности при сравнении полных геномов даже родственных изолятов. Таким образом, полногеномное секвенирование может стать рутинным методом молекулярной эпидемиологии при условии снижения его стоимости до таковой традиционных методов генотипирования. Аккумуляция данных по различным, в том числе новым, маркерам, разработка и применение новых математических алгоритмов для их обработки и анализа позволят провести более точное моделирование эволюции M. tuberculosis и его семейств на различных отрезках времени, эпидемиологический мониторинг их циркуляции внутри стран и в глобальном масштабе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>molecular epidemiology</kwd><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>IS6110</kwd><kwd>deletions</kwd><kwd>polymorphism</kwd><kwd>VNTR</kwd><kwd>CRISPR</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>молекулярная эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>IS6110</kwd><kwd>делеции</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>VNTR</kwd><kwd>CRISPR</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	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