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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">758</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-3-4-457-466</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Anti-Helicobacter pylori vaccine: mith or reality?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вакцина против Helicobacter pylori: миф или реальность?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Uspenskiy</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Успенский</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Department of Professor V.A. Valdman Faculty Therapy,</p><p>Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry,</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. кафедрой факультетской терапии им. профессора В.А. Вальдмана;</p><p>профессор кафедры внутренних болезней стоматологического факультета,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baryshnikova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барышникова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Internal Diseases;</p><p>Researcher, Department of Molecular Microbiology, </p><p>197376, St. Petersburg, Akademika Pavlova str., 12A</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры внутренних болезней Стоматологического факультета;</p><p>научный сотрудник отдела молекулярной микробиологии,</p><p>197376 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12А</p></bio><email>baryshnikova_nv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolenko</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермоленко</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Biomedical Microecology, </p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. лабораторией биомедицинской микроэкологии,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suvorov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суворов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Corresponding Member, PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Fundamental Problems of Medicine and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies,</p><p>Head of the Department of Molecular Microbiology,</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корреспондент РАН, д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой фундаментальных проблем медицины и медицинских технологий факультета стоматологии и медицинских технологий;</p><p>зав. отделом молекулярной микробиологии,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург,</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svarval</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сварваль</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory for Pathogens Identification, </p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории идентификации патогенов,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>alenasvar@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg&#13;
Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПбГУ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff8"><institution>ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3-4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>457</fpage><lpage>466</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-09-25"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-03-26"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Uspenskiy Y.P., Baryshnikova N.V., Ermolenko E.I., Suvorov A.N., Svarval A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Успенский Ю.П., Барышникова Н.В., Ермоленко Е.И., Суворов А.Н., Сварваль А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Uspenskiy Y.P., Baryshnikova N.V., Ermolenko E.I., Suvorov A.N., Svarval A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Успенский Ю.П., Барышникова Н.В., Ермоленко Е.И., Суворов А.Н., Сварваль А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/758">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/758</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Here we review the data on the current studies aimed at developing anti-Helicobacter pylori vaccines. Unfortunately, no vaccines recommended for use in human are available now, despite a more than 30-year history of their development and a great body of evidence on vaccine efficiency in animals. Mechanisms underlying vaccine-related effects in animals and human are poorly determined and expect to be further clarified. Moreover, side effects related to vaccines have not investigated in detail. A long-lasting stay of H. pylori in the gastric lumen restricts potential protective effects of host cellular immunity (an effect is mainly associated with antibodies and antimicrobial peptides), that results in low efficacy of systemic immunization and weak immune response. In addition, further complications in developing natural and artificial (vaccination) immune response may be due to the high pathogen variability and low immunogenicity of related antigens. A choice of antigen is crucial upon generating any vaccine. The data on the main pathogen-derived antigens is of high importance while generating both mono- and multicomponent H. pylori vaccines. A number of various antigens was proposed for immunization against H. pylori, some of which are involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori infection: VacA, CagA, NapA, BabA, SabA and urease. Such vaccines turned out to be efficient in preventing experimental infection in animals. The use of purified microbial antigens successfully induces protective mechanisms to fight against infection, as demonstrated in animal studies (preventive and therapeutic protocols). Compared to using a single antigen, an association of two or three antigens can trigger stronger immune response. Currently, bacterial urease is considered as the most promising candidate antigen, which has been proved to be a valuable a vaccine antigen in numerous studies with mice, ferrets and primates. It remains unclear which route of administration for Helicobacter pylori vaccine would be superior compared to the remainder. Comparing various routes of vaccine administration demonstrated that that mice immunized intranasally and intrarectally resulted in markedly higher protection against Helicobacter pylori infection compared to oral vaccination. Development of H. pylori vaccine faced substantial obstacles due to the pathophysiological, immunological and technological challenges noted above, still remaining an issue so far. At present, a promising approach in advancing H. pylori vaccines is based on using mucosal adjuvants and generation of recombinant probiotics expressing H. pylori-derived antigens for triggering specific immune response upon vaccination.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзорной статье представлены сведения о результатах современных исследований, посвященных разработке вакцин против H. pylori. К сожалению, вакцины, которая могла бы быть рекомендована к использованию у человека, пока не существует, несмотря на более чем 30-летнюю историю создания и большое количество примеров эффективности вакцин у животных. Механизмы действия вакцин у животных и человека ясны недостаточно и нуждаются в дальнейшем уточнении. Также еще не полностью изучены побочные эффекты вакцинации против H. pylori. Длительное пребывание H. pylori в просвете желудка ограничивает возможности клеточного иммунитета (эффект в основном связан с антителами и антимикробными пептидами), приводит к низкой эффективности системной иммунизации и слабому иммунному ответу. Дополнительные сложности при формировании естественного и искусственного (при вакцинации) иммунного ответа обусловлены высокой изменчивостью возбудителя и низкой иммуногенностью его антигенов. Выбор антигена является ключевым аспектом создания любой вакцины. Для создания как монокомпонентных, так и многокомпонентных вакцин против H. pylori важной является информация об основных антигенах возбудителя. В качестве антигенов для иммунизации против H. pylori предлагались некоторые факторы, вовлеченные в патогенетические механизмы развития хеликобактериоза: VacA, CagA, NapA, BabA, SabA и уреаза. Использование вакцин на основе этих белков являлось эффективным в профилактике экспериментального инфицирования у животных. Использование очищенных антигенов микроба успешно индуцирует защитные механизмы для борьбы с инфекцией, что продемонстрировано в исследованиях на животных (профилактичес ких и лечебных протоколах). Ассоциация двух или трех антигенов может вызвать более сильный иммунный ответ, чем использование одного антигена. В настоящее время уреаза является наиболее перспективным кандидатом и ее ценность в качестве вакцинного антигена была подтверждена многочисленными исследованиями на мышах, хорьках и приматах. Остается неясным, какой способ введения вакцины против Helicobacter pylori более эффективен. Сравнение способов введения вакцин показало, что интраназальная и ректальная иммунизация мышей создавали более существенную защиту от хеликобактерной инфекции по сравнению с оральной вакцинацией. Разработка антихеликобактерной вакцины оказалась достаточно сложным проектом в силу перечисленных патофизиологических, иммунологических и технологических трудностей, которые сохраняют свою актуальность и по сей день. На сегодняшний день перспективным направлением в совершенствовании вакцин против хеликобактерий является использование мукозальных адъювантов и создание рекомбинантных штаммов пробиотиков, экспрессирующих антигены H. pylori и использование пробиотиков для стимуляции специфического иммунного ответа на фоне вакцинации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>vaccines</kwd><kwd>immunization</kwd><kwd>cytotoxins Cag</kwd><kwd>Enterococcus spp.</kwd><kwd>probiotics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>вакцины</kwd><kwd>иммунизация</kwd><kwd>цитотоксины Cag</kwd><kwd>энтерококки</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Успенский Ю.П., Суворов А.Н., Барышникова Н.В. Инфекция Helicobacter pylori в клинической практике. 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