<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">728</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2018-2-107-118</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">GENOMOSYSTEMATICS OF RICKETTSIAE</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ГЕНОМОСИСТЕМАТИКА РИККЕТСИЙ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shpynov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шпынов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of Laboratory of Ecology of Rickettsie</p><p>123098, Russian Federation, Moscow, Gamaleya str., 18</p><p>Phone/fax: +7 (499) 193-61-85 (office)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., руководитель лаборатории экологии риккетсий</p><p>123098, Россия, Москва, ул. Гамалеи, 18</p><p>Тел./факс: 8 (499) 193-61-85 (служебн.)</p></bio><email>stan63@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pozdnichenko</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поздниченко</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer, Informatics and Computer Engineering Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры информатики и вычислительной техники</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gumenyuk</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуменюк</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering Sciences), Associate Professor, Informatics and Computer Engineering Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., доцент кафедры информатики и вычислительной техники</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skiba</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скиба</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Software Developer, Informatics and Computer Engineering Department</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер-программист кафедры информатики и вычислительной техники</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Omsk State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Омский государственный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>118</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Shpynov S.N., Pozdnichenko N.N., Gumenyuk A.S., Skiba A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Шпынов С.Н., Поздниченко Н.Н., Гуменюк А.С., Скиба А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shpynov S.N., Pozdnichenko N.N., Gumenyuk A.S., Skiba A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шпынов С.Н., Поздниченко Н.Н., Гуменюк А.С., Скиба А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/728">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/728</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The definition of the term genome was given by the German botanist G. Winkler almost one hundred years ago in 1920. A genome  definition for bacterial (rickettsia) with a single chromosome was  recently presented from the perspective of information theory,  biology and bioinformatics as the information chain of nucleotides.  The systematics of rickettsiae (obligate intracellular microorganisms) is based on a limited number of phenotypic characters.  Classifications built on the analysis of genes, fragments of genomes  and their concatenations cause discussion. Application of the Formal  Order Analysis (FOA, http://foarlab.org) in the study of complete  genomes allowed to submit the systematics of representatives of the family Rickettsiaceae. This approach confirmed the existence of  typhus group (TG), spotted fever group (SFG), and an «ancestral»  group within the genus Rickettsia, and allowed the isolation of the  Rickettsia felis group within this genus, located between the  «ancestral» group and the SFG and the R. akari group on the border  between the SFG group and the genus Orientia. The development of  the tools of FOA — «Map of Genes» and «Matrix of Similarity» —  helped to conduct an in-depth study of the complete genomes of  rickettsia, taking into account the characteristics of their genes and  noncoding sequences. Application of these instruments, with the  help of the obtained classification, confirmed the notion of ecological  features of rickettsia, the structure of nosological forms and the  epidemiological patterns of rickettsiosis, and made it possible to  assess the virulence of the strains of the two most pathogenic  species of rickettsia, R. prowazekii and R. rickettsia. In this work, for the first time, a holistic, consistent and multidimensional observation of a set of closely related bacteria (a family of bacteria) and the  manifestations associated with them was carried out. The basis of  the developed and herein described systematic approach to the  study of bacteria is a new mathematical model — the arrangement of nucleotides in a complete genome and its sensitive  unambiguous numerical characteristics. A new methodological  approach named genomosystematics and based on mathematical  modeling of complete genomes of rickettsiae (bacteria) using FOA.  Classification of rickettsiae and rickettsioses obtained with the help  of this approach corresponds to ecological, epidemiological and  etiological principles. Application of the genomosystematics can  serve the goals and objectives of preventive medicine. The  publication completes a series of scientific works presenting the  methodology of an integrated approach based on the application of  mathematical analysis tools in the study of objects and laws of  natural science disciplines of biological and medical profile.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Определение термина «геном» было дано немецким ученым-ботаником Г. Винклером почти сто лет назад, в 1920 году. Недавно было представлено определение генома для бактерий  (риккетсий) с одной хромосомой с позиции теории информации, биологии и  биоинформатики как информационной цепи нуклеотидов. Систематика риккетсий,  являющихся облигатными внутриклеточными микроорганизмами, основана на ограниченном количестве фенотипических признаков. Классификации, построенные при анализе генов,  фрагментов геномов и их конкатенаций вызывают дискуссии. Применение разработанного  аппарата формального анализа строя (http://foarlab.org) при изучении полноразмерных  геномов позволило представить систематику риккетсий и Orientia tsutsugamushi из  семейства Rickettsiaceae. Использование этого подхода подтвердило существование групп  сыпного тифа, клещевой пятнистой лихорадки (КПЛ) и «предковой» группы внутри рода  Rickettsia и позволило выделить внутри этого рода группу Rickettsia felis, располагающуюся  между «предковой» группой и группой КПЛ, и группу R. akari на границе между группой  КПЛ и родом Orientia. Разработка инструментов формального анализа строя — «Карта  генов» и «Матрица сходства» — помогла провести углубленное изучение полноразмерных  геномов риккетсий с учетом характеристик их генов и некодирующих последовательностей.  Применение данных инструментов позволило подтвердить с помощью полученной  классификации представление об экологических особенностях риккетсий, структуре  нозологических форм и эпидемиологических закономерностях риккетсиозов, а также  оценить вирулентность штаммов двух наиболее патогенных видов риккетсий — R. prowazekii и R. rickettsii. В данной работе впервые удалось осуществить целостное, согласованное и  многоаспектное рассмотрение совокупности близкородственных бактерий (семейства  бактерий) и связанных с ними проявлений. В основу разработанного и описанного здесь системного подхода к изучению бактерий положена новая математическая модель —  расположение нуклеотидов в полноразмерном геноме и его чувствительные однозначные  числовые характеристики. Предложенный методологический подход назван  «геномосистематика» и основывается на математическом моделировании полноразмерных  геномов риккетсий (бактерий) с помощью средств формального анализа строя. Классификация риккетсий и риккетсиозов, полученная с помощью этого подхода,  соответствует экологическим, эпидемиологическим и этиологическим принципам.  Применение геномосистематики может послужить выполнению задач и целей  профилактической медицины. Публикация является завершением этапа серии научных исследований по разработке методологии комплексного подхода, основанного на  применении новых средств математического моделирования при изучении объектов и  закономерностей естественнонаучных дисциплин биологического и медицинского профиля.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rickettsiae</kwd><kwd>rickettsioses</kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd><kwd>ecology</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>virulence</kwd><kwd>genome</kwd><kwd>formal order analysis</kwd><kwd>genomosystematics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>риккетсии</kwd><kwd>риккетсиозы</kwd><kwd>систематика</kwd><kwd>экология</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>вирулентность</kwd><kwd>геном</kwd><kwd>формальный анализ строя</kwd><kwd>геномосистематика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Балашов Ю.С., Дайтер А.Б. Кровососущие членистоногие и риккетсии. Л.: Наука, 1973. 251 с. [Balashov Yu.S., Daiter A.B. Krovososushchie chlenistonogie i rikketsii [Blood- sucking arthropods and rickettsias]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1973. 251 p.]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Громашевский Л.В. Общая эпидемиология. М.: Медицина, 1965. 290 с. [Gromashevskii L.V. Obshchaya epidemiologiya [General epidemiology]. Moscow: Meditsina, 1965. 290 p.]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Гуменюк А.С., Поздниченко Н.Н., Родионов И.Н., Шпынов С.Н. О средствах формального анализа строя нуклеотидных цепей // Математическая биология и биоинформатика. 2013. Т. 8, № 1. С. 373–397. [Gumenyuk A.S., Postnichenko N.N., Rodionov I.N., Shpynov S.N. On the formal analysis of the building of nucleotide chains. Matematicheskaya biologiya i bioinformatika = Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics, 2013, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 373–397. doi: 10.17537/2013.8.373 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Гуменюк А.С., Поздниченко Н.Н., Скиба А.А., Шпынов С.Н. Программа ЭВМ «Матрица сходства нуклеотидных последовательностей по их компонентам». Свидетельство о Государственной регистрации программы ЭВМ в Реестре программ ЭВМ № 2017616679 от 09.06.2017 г. [Gumenuk A.S., Pozdnichenko N.N., Skiba A.A., Shpynov S.N. Computer Program «Matrix of similarity of nucleotide sequences by their components». Certificate of State Registration of the Computer Program in the Register of Computer Programs № 2017616679, 09.06.2017]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Гуменюк А.С., Поздниченко Н.Н., Скиба А.А., Шпынов С.Н. Программа ЭВМ «Карта генов». Свидетельство о Государственной регистрации программы ЭВМ в Реестре программ ЭВМ № 2017616730 от 13.06.2017 г. [Gumenuk A.S., Pozdnichenko N.N., Skiba A.A., Shpynov S.N. Computer Program «Map of genes». Certificate of State Registration of the Computer Program in the Register of Computer Programs No. 2017616730, 13.06.2017]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Здродовский П.Ф., Голиневич Е.М. Учение о риккетсиях и риккетсиозах. 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Медицина, 1972. 496 с. [Zdrodovskii P.F., Golinevich E.M. Uchenie o rikketsiyakh i rikketsiozakh. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. [The doctrine of rickett sias and rickettsiosis. 3rd edition revised and enlarged]. Moscow: Medicina, 1972. 496 p.]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Игнатович В.Ф. Антигенные связи риккетсий Провачека и риккетсий Канада, установленные при изучении сывороток больных болезнью Брилля // Журнал гигиены, эпидемиологии, микробиологии и иммунологии. 1977. T. 21, № 1. C. 48–52. [Ignatovich V.F. Antigenic relations of Rickettsia of Prowazeki and Rickettsia Canada established in the study of sera of patients with Brill’s disease. Zhurnal gigieny, epidemiologii, mikrobiologii i immunologii = Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, 1977, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 48–52. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Мазур М. Качественная теория информации. М.: Мир, 1974. 240 с. [Mazur M. Kachestvennaya teoriya informatsii. [Qualitative theory of information]. Moscow: Mir, 1974. 240 p.]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Марков А.В., Захаров И.А. Использование количественных мер сходства генных порядков для построения филогенетических реконструкций на примере бактерий рода Rickettsia // Генетика. 2008. Т. 44, № 4. С. 456–466. [Markov A.V., Zakharov I.A. Application of quantitative measures of gene order similarity to phylogenetic reconstructions for bacteria’s of the genus Rickettsia. Genetika = Genetics, 2008, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 456–466. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Павловский Е.Н. Основные положения учения о природной очаговости болезней. Эпидемиология и принципы борьбы с инфекционными болезнями. М.: Медицина, 1965, c. 285–308. [Pavlovskii E.N. Osnovnye polozheniya ucheniya o prirodnoi ochagovosti boleznei. Epidemiologiya i printsipy bor’by s infektsionnymi boleznyami [The main provisions of the doctrine of natural foci of disease. Epidemiology and principles of infectious disease control]. Moscow: Meditsina, 1965, pp. 285–308]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Шпынов С.Н., Гуменюк А.С., Поздниченко Н.Н. Применение числовой характеристики строя нуклеотидов в геномах прокариот для реклассификации внутри рода Rickettsia // Математическая биология и биоинформатика. 2016. Т. 11, № 2. С. 87– 101. [Shpynov S.N., Gumenuk A.S., Pozdnichenko N.N. Application of the numerical characteristic of formal order analysis of the prokaryotic genomes for reclassification within the genus Rickettsia. Matematicheskaya biologiya i bioinformatika = Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics, 2016, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 336–350. doi: 10.17537/2016.11.336 (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Abarca K., Lopez J., Acosta-Jamett G., Martínez-Valdebenito C. Rickettsia felis in Rhipicephalus sanguineus from two distant Chilean cities. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 2013, vol. 13, iss. 8, pp. 607–609. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1201</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Altschul S.F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E.W., Lipman D.J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol., 1990, vol. 215, no. 3, pp. 403–410. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Angelakis E., Mediannikov O., Parola P., Raoult D. Rickettsia felis: the complex journey of an emergent human pathogen. Trends Parasitol., 2016, vol. 32, iss. 7, pp. 554–564. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Anstead C.A., Chilton N.B. A novel Rickettsia species detected in vole ticks (Ixodes angustus) from Western Canada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2013, vol. 79, no. 24, pp. 7583–7589. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02286-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Azad A.F. Epidemiology of murine typhus. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 1990, vol. 35, pp. 553–569. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.003005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Azad A.F., Radulovic S., Higgins J.A., Noden B.H., Troyer J.M. Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 1997, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 319–327. doi: 10.3201/eid0303.970308</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Bechah Y., Capo C., Mege J.L., Raoult D. Epidemic typhus. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 8, iss. 7, pp. 417–426. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70150-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Bechah Y., Karkouri K.E., Mediannikov O., Leroy Q., Pelletier N., Robert C., Médigue C., Mege J.L., Raoult D. Genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic analysis of virulent and avirulent Rickettsia prowazekii reveals its adaptive mutation capabilities. Genome Res., 2010, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 655–663. doi: 10.1101/gr.103564.109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Bishop-Lilly K.A., Ge H., Butani A., Osborne B., Verratti K., Mokashi V., Nagarajan N., Pop M., Read T.D., Richards A.L. Genome sequencing of four strains of Rickettsia prowazekii, the causative agent of epidemic typhus, including one flying squirrel isolate. Genome Announc, 2013, vol. 1, no. 3: e00399-13. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00399-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Choi Y.-J., Lee E.-M., Park J.-M., Lee K.-M., Han S.-H., Kim J.-K., Lee S.-H., Song H.-J., Choi M.-S., Kim I.-S., Park K.-H., Jang W.-J. Molecular detection of various Rickettsiae in mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) in southern Jeolla Province, Korea. Microbiol. Immunol., 2007, vol. 51, iss. 3, pp. 307–312. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03912.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Civen R., Ngo V. Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 46, iss. 6, pp. 913–918. doi: 10.1086/527443</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Clark T.R., Noriea N.F., Bublitz D.C., Ellison D.W., Martens C., Lutter E.I., Hackstadt T. Comparative genome sequencing of Rickettsia rickettsii strains that differ in virulence. Infect. Immun., 2015, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 1568–1576. doi: 10.1128/IAI.03140-14</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Dieme C., Bechah Y., Socolovschi C., Audoly G., Berenger J.M., Faye O., Raoult D., Parola P. Transmission potential of Rickettsia felis infection by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2015, vol. 112, no. 26, pp. 8088–8093. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413835112</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Eisen J.A., Fraser C.M. Phylogenomics: intersection of evolution and genomics. Science, 2003, vol. 300, iss. 5626, pp. 1706–1707. doi: 10.1126/science.1086292</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Eremeeva M.E., Dasch G.A., Silverman D.J. Quantitative analyses of variations in the injury of endothelial cells elicited by 11 isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2001, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 788–796. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.8.4.788-796.2001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Felsheim R.F., Kurtti T.J., Munderloh U.G. Genome sequence of the endosymbiont Rickettsia peacockii and comparison with virulent Rickettsia rickettsii: identification of virulence factors. PLoS One, 2009, vol. 4, iss. 12: e8361. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008361</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Fournier P.-E., Dumler J.S., Greub G., Zhang J., Wu Y., Raoult D. Gene sequence-based criteria for identification of new rickett sia isolates and description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 5456–5465. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5456-5465.2003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Fournier P.-E., Raoult D. Current knowledge on phylogeny and taxonomy of Rickettsia spp. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2009, vol. 1166, iss. 1, pp. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04528.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Gillespie J.J., Beier M.S., Rahman M.S., Ammerman N.C., Shallom J.M., Purkayastha A., Sobral B.S., Azad A.F. Plasmids and rickettsial evolution: insight from Rickettsia felis. PLoS One, 2007, iss. 3: e266. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000266</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Gillespie J.J., Williams K., Shukla M., Snyder E.E., Nordberg E.K., Ceraul S.M., Dharmanolla C., Rainey D., Soneja J., Shallom J.M., Vishnubhat N.D., Wattam R., Purkayastha A., Czar M., Crasta O., Setubal J.C., Azad A.F., Sobral B.S. Rickettsia phylogenomics: unwinding the intricacies of obligate intracellular life. PLoS One, 2008, vol. 3, iss. 4: e2018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Ishikura M., Ando S., Shinagawa Y., Matsuura K., Hasegawa S., Nakayama T., Fujita H., Watanabe M. Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae based on gltA, 17- kDa, and rOmpA genes amplified by nested PCR from ticks in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol., 2003, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 823–832. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03448.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Jado I., Oteo J.A., Aldámiz M., Gil H., Escudero R., Ibarra V., Portu J., Portillo A., Lezaun M.J., García-Amil C., Rodríguez-Moreno I., Anda P. Rickettsia monacensis and human disease, Spain. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2007, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1405–1407. doi: 10.3201/eid1309.060186</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Jiang J., Maina A.N., Knobel D.L., Cleaveland S., Laudisoit A., Wamburu K. Molecular detection of Rickettsia felis and Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis in fleas from human habitats, Asembo, Kenya. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 2013, vol. 13, iss. 8, pp. 550–558. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Koonin E.V., Mushegian A.R., Galperin M.Y., Walker D.R. Comparison of archaeal and bacterial genomes: computer analysis of protein sequences predicts novel functions and suggests a chimeric origin for the archaea. Mol. Microbiol., 1997, vol. 25, iss. 4, pp. 619–637. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4821861.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Krantz G.W., Walter D.E. A manual of acarology. 3rd ed. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2009. 807 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Kumar S., Stecher G., Tamura K. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol., 2016, vol. 33, iss. 7, pp. 1870–1874. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Linnemann C.C., Petzman C.I., Peterson E.D. Acute febrile cerebrovasculitis. A non-spotted fever group rickettsial disease. Arch. Intern. Med., 1989, vol. 149, no. 7, pp. 1682– 1684. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1989.00390070182031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Mediannikov O., Aubadie-Ladrix M., Raoult D. Candidatus ‘Rickettsia senegalensis’ in cat fleas in Senegal. New Microbes New Infect., 2015, vol. 3, pp. 24–28. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2014.10.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Merhej V., Angelakis E., Socolovschi C., Raoult D. Genotyping, evolution and epidemiological findings of Rickettsia species. Infect. Genet. Evol., 2014, vol. 25, pp. 122– 137. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Merhej V., Raoult D. Rickettsial evolution in the light of comparative genomics. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 2011, vol. 86, iss. 2, pp. 379–405. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00151.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42. Nichols E., Rindge M.E., Russell G.G. The relationship of the habits of the house mouse and the mouse mite (Allodermanyssus sanguineus) to the spread of rickettsialpox. Ann. Intern. Med., 1953, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 92–102. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-39-1-92</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Nicholson W.L., Allen K.E., McQuiston J.H., Breitschwerdt E.B., Little S.E. The increasing recognition of rickettsial pathogens in dogs and people. Trends Parasitol., 2010, vol. 26, iss. 4, pp. 205–212. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Oliveira K.A., Oliveira L.S., Dias C.C.A., Silva Jr.A., Almeida M.R., Almada G., Bouyer D.H., Galvão M.A.M., Mafra C.L. Molecular identification of Rickettsia felis in ticks and fleas from an endemic area for Brazilian Spotted Fever. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 2008, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 191–194. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762008000200011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Parola P., Paddock C.D., Socolovschi C., Labruna M.B., Mediannikov O., Kernif T., Abdad M.Y., Stenos J., Bitam I., Fournier P.-E., Raoult D. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2013, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 657–702. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00032-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46. Prusinski M.A., White J.L., Wong S.J., Conlon M.A., Egan C., Kelly-Cirino C.D., Laniewicz B.R., Backenson P.B., Nicholson W.L., Eremeeva M.E., Karpathy S.E., Dasch G.A., White D.J. Sylvatic typhus associated with flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) in New York State, United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 2014, vol. 14, iss. 4, pp. 240–244. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1392</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47. Raoult D., Roux V. Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 1997, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 694–719.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48. Reif K.E., Macaluso K.R. Ecology of Rickettsia felis: a review. J. Med. Entomol., 2009, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 723–736.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49. Shpynov S., Fournier P.-E., Pozdnichenko N., Gumenyuk A., Skiba A. New approaches in the systematics of Rickettsiae. New Microbes New Infect., 2018, vol. 23, pp. 93–102. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.02.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>50. Shpynov S., Pozdnichenko N., Gumenuk A. Approach for classification and taxonomy within family Rickettsiaceae based on the Formal Order Analysis. Microbes Infect., 2015, vol. 17, iss. 11–12, pp. 839–844. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>51. Simser J.A., Rahman M.S., Dreher-Lesnick S.M., Azad A.F. A novel and naturally occurring transposon, ISRpe1 in the Rickettsia peacockii genome disrupting the rickA gene involved in actin-based motility. Mol. Microbiol., 2005, vol. 58, iss. 1, pp. 71–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04806.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>52. Soares H.S., Barbieri A.R.M., Martins T.F., Minervino A.H.H., de Lima J.T.R., Marcili A., Gennari S.M., Labruna M.B. Ticks and rickettsial infection in the wildlife of two regions of the Brazilian Amazon. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 2015, vol. 65, iss. 1, pp. 125–140. doi: 10.1007/s10493-014-9851-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>53. Socolovschi C., Mediannikov O., Raoult D., Parola P. The relationship between spotted fever group Rickettsiae and ixodid ticks. Vet. Res., 2009, vol. 40, no. 4: 34. doi: 10.1051/vetres/2009017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>54. Socolovschi C., Pages F., Ndiath M.O., Ratmanov P., Raoult D. Rickettsia species in African Anopheles mosquitoes. PLoS One, 2012, vol. 7, iss. 10: e48254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048254</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>55. Stothard D.R., Clark J.B., Fuerst P.A. Ancestral divergence of Rickettsia bellii from the spotted fever and typhus groups of Rickettsia and antiquity of the genus Rickettsia. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1994, vol. 44, iss. 4, pp. 798–804. doi: 10.1099/00207713-44-4-798</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>56. Tamura A., Ohashi N., Urakami H., Miyamura S. Classification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, Orientia gen. nov., as Orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1995, vol. 45, iss. 3, pp. 589–591. doi: 10.1099/00207713-45-3-589</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>57. Traub R., Wisseman C.L.Jr. The ecology of chigger-borne rickettsiosis (scrub typhus). J. Med. Entomol., 1974, vol. 11, iss. 3, pp. 237–303. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/11.3.237</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>58. Traub R., Wisseman C.L.Jr, Farhang-Azad A. The ecology of murine typhus: a critical review. Trop. Dis. Bull., 1978, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 237–317.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>59. Weiss E., Moulder J.W. Order I. Rickettsiales, Gieszczkiewicz 1939. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984, vol. 1, pp. 687–703.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>60. Wisseman Ch.L.Jr. Observation on global aspects of louse-borne typhus transmission and potential. Proc. Intern. Symp. The control of lice and louse-borne diseases. Washington, 1973, pp. 60–66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>61. Zemtsova G., Killmaster L.F., Mumcuoglu K.Y., Levin M.L. Co-feeding as a route for transmission of Rickettsia conorii israelensis between Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 2010, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 383–392. doi: 10.1007/s10493-010-9375-7</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
