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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">725</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-5-6-629-638</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">T cell thymic selection and peripheral homeostatic proliferation in infectious diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Селекция клеток в тимусе и гомеостатическая пролиферация клеток на периферии при инфекционных процессах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-1782</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Kozlov, RAS Full Member, PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Scientific Director,; Head of the Department Clinical Immunology</p><p>630099, Novosibirsk, Yadrintsevskaya str., 14.</p><p>Phone: +7 (383) 222-66-27. Fax: +7 (383) 222-70-28.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлов Владимир Александрович, академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, научный руководитель; зав. кафедрой клинической иммунологии НГМУ</p><p>630099, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, 14.</p><p>Тел.: 8 (383) 222-66-27. Факс: 8 (383) 222-70-28.</p></bio><email>vakoz40@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ НИИ фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>5-6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>629</fpage><lpage>638</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-09-04"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-11-26"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Kozlov V.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Козлов В.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kozlov V.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Козлов В.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/725">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/725</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>There is no doubt that infectious agents and host undergo multilayered yet not fully understood interactions. This is primarily due to at least mechanisms resulting in chronic course of infectious process. Acute infection proceeds in parallel with primary immune response and its typical phases, each of which manifests as certain stage in clinical picture featured with disease onset and subsequent recovery. A whole process of immune response developing against infectious agent occurs in peripheral lymphoid organs and immune tissues. With regard to the role of immune system in infectious process, process, two main outstanding issues still remain unanswered: 1) what are the mechanisms of host death in the case of acute infectious process? 2) what is a “fault” of immune system in it? In its inferiority or in abruptly suppressed functions induced by infectious agent, when it “does not have time” to mount an immune response of sufficient power? So far, no answer is still found yet. The second question concerns mechanisms of converting to chronic course of infectious process. The obtained available in publications evidence about an intimately involved thymus as the central immune organ in infectious process of, the main function of which is to ensure developing central immune tolerance to self-antigens accomplished via T-cell positive and negative selection. It turned out that in case of some examined infections due to pathogens, which entered the thymus, such intimate events such as partial tolerance to pathogens and autoimmune reactivity are altered. Moreover, these processes are further aggravated by homeostatic proliferation, which is also induced by an infectious agent. In both cases, it accounts for decreased magnitude of immune response against a certain pathogen, burdened by emergence of autoimmune reactions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несомненно, что взаимодействия между инфекционными агентами и макроорганизмом носят сложнейший, до конца еще не изученный характер. Это в первую очередь касается механизмов хронизации инфекционного процесса. Острая инфекция протекает с характеристиками первичного иммунного ответа с проявлением всех его классических фаз, каждая из которых проявляется в виде стадий клинической картины данной конкретной инфекции, со спецификой начала заболевания и последующего выздоровления. Весь процесс формирования иммунного ответа к инфекционному агенту протекает в периферических лимфоидных органах и тканях иммунной системы. В отношении участия иммунной системы в инфекционном процессе, ее роли в данном процессе, остаются, по-видимому, два основных нерешенных вопроса. Каковы механизмы гибели организма в случае острого инфекционного процесса? В чем здесь «вина» иммунной системы? В ее неполноценности или в резком подавлении ее функций, индуцированном агентом, когда она «не успевает» сформировать достаточной силы иммунный ответ? Пока ответа, очевидно, нет. Второй вопрос касается механизмов хронизации инфекционного процесса, хронического течения заболевания. Полученные литературные данные свидетельствуют об интимнейшем вовлечении в инфекционный процесс центрального органа иммунной системы — тимуса, главная функция которого заключается в формировании в организме центральной иммунной толерантности к собственным антигенам, которая осуществляется с помощью процессов позитивной и негативной селекции Т-клеток. Оказалось, что при ряде изученных инфекций под влиянием инфекционного агента, проникшего в тимус, происходят нарушения этих интимных процессов, которые реализуются формированием частичной толерантности к возбудителю и аутоиммунной реактивности. И эти процессы еще усугубляются гомеостатической пролиферацией, в индукции которой также принимает участие инфекционный агент. В обоих случаях это обуславливает снижение выраженности иммунного ответа к данному возбудителю, отягощенного появлением аутоиммунных реакций.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infection</kwd><kwd>microorganism</kwd><kwd>T cell thymic positive and negative selection</kwd><kwd>homeostatic proliferation</kwd><kwd>tolerance</kwd><kwd>autoimmunity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекция</kwd><kwd>микроорганизм</kwd><kwd>позитивная селекция Т-клеток в тимусе</kwd><kwd>негативная селекция Т-клеток в тимусе</kwd><kwd>гомеостатическая пролиферация</kwd><kwd>толерантность</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунитет</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Козлов В.А. Гомеостатическая пролиферация как основа неизбежного формирования тотального иммунодефицита // Медицинская иммунология. 2014. Т. 16, № 5. 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