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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">681</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-1-39-46</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Trefoil factors — new markers of gastrointestinal mucosal barrier</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Трефоиловые факторы — новые маркеры мукозального барьера желудочно-кишечного тракта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestopalov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестопалов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Shestopalov - PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Vice Director of the High School of Molecular and Experimental Medicine at Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; Head of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Professor of the Center of the Strategic Planning.</p>
<p>117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela str., 1.</p>
<p>Phone: +7 (495) 287-65-70.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шестопалов Александр Вячеславович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заместитель директора Высшей школы молекулярной и экспериментальной медицины ФГБУ НМИЦ ДГОИ имени Дмитрия Рогачева МЗ РФ; заведующий кафедрой биохимии и молекулярной биологии ФГБОУ ВО РНИМУ имени Н.И. Пирогова МЗ РФ; профессор ФГБУ ЦСП МЗ РФ.</p>
<p>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1.</p>
<p>Тел.: 8 (495) 287-65-70.</p></bio><email>al-shest@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dvornikov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дворников</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Dean of the Medical Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дворников Антон Сергеевич - доктор медицинских наук, декан лечебного факультета ФГБОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова МЗ РФ.</p></bio><email>bio-tav@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisenko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисенко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борисенко Ольга Владимировна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры биохимии и молекулярной биологии ФГБОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова МЗ РФ.</p></bio><email>borisenko_olga07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tutelyan</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тутельян</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Corresponding Member, PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Molecular Immunology, Infectology and Pharmacotherapy, and the Laboratory of Molecular Visualization, Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; Head of the Laboratory of Infections Associated with the Provision of Medical Care, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Customer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тутельян Алексей Викторович - член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом молекулярной иммунологии, инфектологии и фармакотерапии и лабораторией молекулярной визуализации ФГБУ НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева МЗ РФ; заведующий лабораторией инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи, ФБУН ЦНИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора.</p></bio><email>bio-tav@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center of the Strategic Planning</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Customer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный НИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-05-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-05-18"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-03-15"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Shestopalov A.V., Dvornikov A.S., Borisenko O.V., Tutelyan A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Шестопалов А.В., Дворников А.С., Борисенко О.В., Тутельян А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shestopalov A.V., Dvornikov A.S., Borisenko O.V., Tutelyan A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шестопалов А.В., Дворников А.С., Борисенко О.В., Тутельян А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/681">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/681</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Trefoil factors (TFFs) are peptides containing a cloverleaf-like structure, which are synthesized in diverse organs including various regions of the human brain (presumably involved in nervous system development and differentiation), thyroid gland, mammary gland, uterus, prostate gland, conjunctiva, respiratory tract, salivary glands, and gall bladder, which peaks in diverse gastrointestinal tract mucosa: TFF-1 — in the stomach, TFF-2 — in the stomach and duodenum, and TFF-3 — in the gut. An increasing body of studies indicate not only about a widely distributed trefoil factors in vivo but also points at their important regulatory functions. In particular, TFFs affect cell adhesion by enhancing epithelial cell migration. Recovery of reversibly damaged epithelial structures called restitution is also facilitated due to TFF-related antiapoptotic effect (anoikis resistance). In contrast, TFF-mediated proangiogenic effects can promote tumor angiogenesis, whereas their immunomodulatory effects include an influence on expression of pro-inflammatory and defense factors (including nitric oxide, cytokines, and defensins). Moreover, TFFs interacting with mucin may increase mucus viscosity, thereby protecting the mucosal layers against ulcerogenic agents. However, bronchial asthma maybe aggravated by elevating mucus viscosity in the respiratory tract due to TFF-2. In addition, TFF expression level is associated with pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases in the gastrointestinal tract. It was shown that modality of changes in TFF level might differ depending on anatomical location and severity of lesions. Changing TFF level plays an important role in oncogenesis. For instance, gastric and colorectal cancer is accompanied by upregulated TFF-1 expression. Importantly, TFF amount is considered as a diagnostic predictor due to being associated with carcinogenesis stage, metastasis as well as sensitivity to chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer. In addition, a role potentially played by TFFs in other malignancies including retinoblastoma, breast cancer, and thyroid carcinoma has been extensively examined. Thus, an expanding range of experimental and clinical data evidence that trefoil factors maybe considered as a promising marker of gastrointestinal and oncology diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Трефоиловые факторы представляют собой пептиды, содержащие структурный домен в виде листа к левера. Они синтезируются во многих органах: в различных отделах человеческого мозга (предполагается участие трефоиловых факторов в развитии и дифференциации нервной системы), в щитовидной железе, молочной железе, матке, предстательной железе, в конъюнктиве, в дыхательной системе, в слюнных железах, желчном пузыре, но в наибольшем количестве обнаруживаются на слизистой желудочно-кишечного тракта: TFF-1 — в желудке, TFF-2 — в желудке и в двенадцатиперстной кишке, TFF-3 — в кишечнике. Все большее число исследований говорит не только о широкой распространенности трефоиловых пептидов в организме, но также и об их важных регуляторных функциях. Трефоиловые факторы влияют на к леточную адгезию, усиливая способность к миграции эпителиальных к леток. Восстановление обратимо повреж денных структур эпителия — реституция — облегчается так же за счет антиапоптотического действия трефоиловых пептидов (аноикис-резистентность). Проангиогенные свойства трефоиловых пептидов значительно выражены и могут способствовать ангиогенезу опухолей. Иммуномодулирующие свойства трефоиловых факторов заключаются во влиянии на экспрессию провоспалительных и защитных факторов (в том числе оксида азота, цитокинов, дефензинов). Взаимодействие трефоиловых факторов и муцина повышает вязкость слизи, что играет роль в защите слизистой оболочки против ульцерогенных агентов. В то же время повышение вязкости слизи в присутствии TFF-2 может быть фактором, ухудшающим течение бронхиальной астмы. Уровень экспрессии трефоиловых факторов связан с патогенезом воспалительных заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта. Показано, что направленность изменений в уровне трефоиловых факторов может отличаться в зависимости от локализации и глубины поражения. Изменение экспрессии трефоиловых факторов играет важную роль в онкогенезе. Рак желудка и колоректальный рак сопровождается повышением экспрессии TFF-1. Содержание трефоиловых факторов связано со стадией развития опухоли, и привлекает внимание исследователей как диагностический показатель, характеризующий стадию, наличие метастазов и чувствительность к химиотерапии при гастроинтестинальном раке. Активно изучается роль трефоиловых факторов и при других злокачественных новообразованиях, в том числе при ретинобластоме, карциноме молочной железы, карциноме щитовидной железы. Расширяющийся объем экспериментальных и клинических данных свидетельствует о том, что трефоиловые факторы могут рассматриваться как перспективные маркеры желудочно-кишечных и онкологических заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>trefoil factors</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd><kwd>mucin</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>angiogenesis</kwd><kwd>oncogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трефоиловые факторы</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>муцин</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>ангиогенез</kwd><kwd>онкогенез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Шестопалов А.В., Мирошниченко Ю.А., Рымашевский А.Н. Содержание муцинов (MUC 5 AC, MUC 6) и трефоилового пептида-3 (TFF-3) в эндометрии и цервико-вагинальном секрете у женщин с физиологической беременностью // Фундаментальные исследования. 2013. T. 12, № 1. 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