<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">622</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-2-229-238</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Congenitally impaired pattern-recognition receptors in pathogenesis of pediatric invasive and recurrent pneumococcal infection</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Врожденные дисфункции паттерн-распознающих рецепторов в патогенезе инвазивной и рецидивирующей пневмококковой инфекции у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-7859</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tereshchenko</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терещенко</surname><given-names>С. Ю</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Tereshchenko S.Yu</bold>., PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of Clinical Department of Childhood Somatic and Mental Health</p><p><bold><italic>Contacts:</italic></bold><italic> Sergey Yu. Tereshchenko 660022, Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Partizana Zheleznyaka str., 3g, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North. Phone/Fax: +7 (391) 228-06-83.</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Терещенко</bold> <bold>С.Ю</bold>., доктор мендицинских наук, профессор, зав. клиническим отделением соматического и психического здоровья детей </p><p><bold><italic>Адрес для переписки: </italic></bold><italic>Терещенко Сергей Юрьевич, 660022, Россия, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 3г, НИИ медицинских проблем Севера. Тел./факс: 8 (391) 228-06-83.</italic></p></bio><email>legise@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-2029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolnikova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смольникова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Smolnikova M.V</bold>., PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Pathology and Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Смольникова М.В.</bold>, кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярно-клеточной патологии и физиологии</p></bio><email>smarinv@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Federal Research Center «Krasnoyarsk Science Center» of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Федеральный исследовательский центр «Красноярский научный центр» Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, обособленное подразделение НИИ медицинских проблем Севера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-07-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>229</fpage><lpage>238</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-03-06"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Tereshchenko S.Y., Smolnikova M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Терещенко С.Ю., Смольникова М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tereshchenko S.Y., Smolnikova M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Терещенко С.Ю., Смольникова М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/622">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/622</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Here we review currently available data showing that innate immune signs predisposing to recurrent and invasive pneumococcal infections were identified in children. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) belongs to Grampositive bacteria being the major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants, especially in developing countries and in communities with low socioeconomic status. Due to the lack of anti-pneumococcal vaccination, the significant proportion of pneumococcus carriers develop non-invasive (pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis) and severe invasive (bacteremia/septicemia, meningitis) pneumococcal infection. A great deal of diverse factors related to pneumococcus biological features (virulence factors) as well individualized host-specific immunity are implicated in efficient bacterial penetration across the mucous membranes. The TLR signaling system plays a crucial role in the human nonspecific defense upon the first encounter with the pathogen. Various TLRs comprise the first pattern recognition receptor fami ly ever described which sense ligands derived from the outer bacterial wall. The complement system is the ancient innate immunity component mainly involved in intravascular elimination of bacterial agents. In addition, the complement proteins serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, ensuring optimal conditions for B- and T-cell maturation and differentiation. Because pneumococcus secretes the IgA protease, a local protective effects related to IgA antibodies might not be so prominent. Therefore, B-cell immunodeficiency and impaired complement system hold a lead place among congenital causes resulting in severe and recurrent pneumococcal infections in children. Thus, based on available data, we concluded that impaired B-cell function, the complement components deficiency as well as receptor-recognition receptors (TLR-2, -9, -4, MYD88 adapter protein, TLR cascade enzymes: IRAK4, NEMO, NOD-like receptors: NOD2, NLRP3; C-type lectins: MBL, Dextin-2, and, possibly, ficoline) play the most important role among congenital immunodeficiencies predisposing to invasive and recurrent pneumococcal infections play the most important role among congenital immunodeficiencies predisposing to invasive and recurrent pneumococcal infections, and should be used as a rationale for immunological surveillance and organizing immunogenetics screening in these patients. </p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре освящены имеющиеся к настоящему времени данные, показывающие наличие врожденных осо- бенностей иммунного реагирования, предрасполагающих к рецидивирующему и инвазивному течению пневмо- кокковых инфекций у детей. Капсульные формы грампозитивной бактерии Streptococcus pneumoniae (пневмококка) являются в настоящее время ведущей бактериальной причиной заболеваемости и смертности детей раннего воз- раста, особенно в развивающихся странах и в популяциях с низким социально-экономическим статусом. При от- сутствии противопневмококковой вакцинации у значительной части носителей развиваются неинвазивные (пнев- мония, средний отит, синусит) и тяжелые инвазивные (бактериемия/септицемия, менингит) пневмококковые заболевания. Успешное проникновение пневмококка через слизистые оболочки зависит от большого количества факторов, как со стороны самой бактерии (факторов вирулентности), так и со стороны комплекса защитных ком- понентов иммунной системы организма-хозяина. Система TLR сигналинга играет важнейшую роль в неспеци- фической защитной реакции организма человека при его первой встрече с патогеном. TLR различных типов от- носятся к первому из описанных семейств паттерн-распознающих мембранных молекул, для которых лигандами являются специфические участки внешней оболочки бактерий. Система комплемента является древнейшим ком- понентом врожденного иммунитета, основной функцией которого является преимущественно интравас кулярная элиминация бактериальных агентов. Кроме того, протеины комплемента играют роль свое образного моста между системами врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета, обеспечивая адекватные условия для созревания и дифферен- циации В- и Т-лимфоцитов. Поскольку пневмококк секретирует IgA-протеазу, защитная роль локально продуци- руемых антител класса IgA при реализации активного инфекционного процесса в этом случае невелика. Именно поэтому дефекты адаптивного В-клеточного звена иммунитета и системы комплемента занимают ведущую пози- цию среди наследственно обусловленных причин тяжелого и рецидивирующего течения пневмококковых инфек- ций у детей. Мы пришли к выводу, что наиболее важными врожденными иммунными дефектами для инвазивных и рецидивирующих пневмококковых инфекций являются дисфункции B-лимфоцитов, дефицит компонентов комплемента и дисфункции рецептор-распознающих рецепторов (Toll-подобных рецепторов: TLR-2, -9, -4; про- теина-адаптера MYD88; ферментов TLR-каскада: IRAK4, NEMO; NOD-подобных рецепторов: NOD2, NLRP3; лек- тинов C-типа: MBL, Deсtin-2, а также, возможно, фиколина). Указанные данные целесообразно использовать при планировании иммунологического тестирования детей с инвазивными и рецидивирующими пневмококковыми инфекциями и организации иммуногенетических исследований в этой области. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Pattern-recognition receptors</kwd><kwd>Toll-like receptors</kwd><kwd>pneumococcal infection</kwd><kwd>innateimmunity</kwd><kwd>children.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>паттерн-распознающие рецепторы</kwd><kwd>Toll-подобные рецепторы</kwd><kwd>пневмококковая инфекция</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Терещенко С.Ю., Каспаров Э.В., Смольникова М.В., Кувшинова Е.В. Дефицит маннозосвязывающего лектина при заболеваниях респираторного тракта //Пульмонология. 2016. Т. 26, № 6. С. 748–752. doi: 10.18093/0869-0189-2016-26-6-748-752</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Akahori Y., Miyasaka T., Toyama M., Matsumoto I., Miyahara A., Zong T., Ishii K., Kinjo Y., Miyazaki Y., Saijo S., Iwakura Y., Kawakami K. Dectin-2-dependent host defense in mice infected with serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae. BMC Immunol., 2016, vol. 17: 1. doi: 10.1186/s12865-015-0139-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Ali Y.M., Lynch N.J., Haleem K.S., Fujita T., Endo Y., Hansen S., Holmskov U., Takahashi K., Stahl G.L., Dudler T., Girija U.V., Wallis R., Kadioglu A., Stover C.M., Andrew P.W., Schwaeble W.J. The lectin pathway of complement activation is a critical component of the innate immune response to pneumococcal infection. PLoS Pathog., 2012, vol. 8, no. 7: e1002793. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002793</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Andersen P., Permin H., Andersen V., Schejbel L., Garred P., Svejgaard A., Barington T. Deficiency of somatic hypermutation of the antibody light chain is associated with increased frequency of severe respiratory tract infection in common variable immunodeficiency. Blood, 2005, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 511–517. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4359</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Bogaert D., De Groot R., Hermans P.W. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2004, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 144–154. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00938-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Brubaker S.W., Bonham K.S., Zanoni I., Kagan J.C. Innate immune pattern recognition: a cell biological perspective. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2015, vol. 33, pp. 257–290. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112240</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Carneiro-Sampaio M., Coutinho A. Immunity to microbes: lessons from primary immunodeficiencies. Infect. Immun., 2007, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1545–1555. doi:10.1128/IAI.00787-06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Chapman S.J., Hill A.V. Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2012, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 175–188. doi: 10.1038/nrg3114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. De Nardo D. Toll-like receptors: activation, signalling and transcriptional modulation. Cytokine, 2015, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 181–189. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Eisen D.P. Mannose-binding lectin deficiency and respiratory tract infection. J. Innate Immun., 2010, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 114–122. doi: 10.1159/000228159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Eisen D.P., Dean M.M., Boermeester M.A., Fidler K.J., Gordon A.C., Kronborg G., Kun J.F., Lau Y.L., Payeras A., Valdimarsson H., Brett S.J., Ip W.K., Mila J., Peters M.J., Saevarsdottir S., Van Till J.W., Hinds C.J., Mcbryde E.S. Low serum mannose-binding lectin level increases the risk of death due to pneumococcal infection. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 510–516. doi: 10.1086/590006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Endo Y., Takahashi M., Iwaki D., Ishida Y., Nakazawa N., Kodama T., Matsuzaka T., Kanno K., Liu Y., Tsuchiya K., Kawamura I., Ikawa M., Waguri S., Wada I., Matsushita M., Schwaeble W.J., Fujita T. Mice deficient in ficolin, a lectin complement pathway recognition molecule, are susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. J. Immunol., 2012, vol. 189, no. 12, pp. 5860–5866. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200836</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Estimated Hib and pneumococcal deaths for children under 5 years of age. World Health Organization, 2012. URL: http://www.who. int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/estimates/en</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Gobin K., Hintermeyer M., Boisson B., Chrabieh M., Gandil P., Puel A., Picard C., Casanova J.L., Routes J., Verbsky J. IRAK4 Deficiency in a patient with recurrent pneumococcal infections: case report and review of the literature. Front. Pediatr., 2017, vol. 5: 83. doi: 10.3389/fped.2017.00083</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Goldblatt D. Immunisation and the maturation of infant immune responses. Dev. Biol. Stand., 1998, vol. 95, pp. 125–132.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Hjuler T., Wohlfahrt J., Staum Kaltoft M., Koch A., Biggar R.J., Melbye M. Risks of invasive pneumococcal disease in children with underlying chronic diseases. Pediatrics, 2008, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. e26–32. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1510</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Ingels H.A. Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease in children — host factors and vaccination response. Dan. Med. J., 2015, vol. 62, no. 7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Ingels H., Schejbel L., Lundstedt A.C., Jensen L., Laursen I.A., Ryder L.P., Heegaard N.H., Konradsen H., Christensen J.J., Heilmann C., Marquart H.V. Immunodeficiency among children with recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2015, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 644–651. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000701</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Janeway C.A., Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 1989, vol. 54, pp. 1–13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Kadioglu A., Weiser J.N., Paton J.C., Andrew P.W. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2008, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 288–301. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1871</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Kilpatrick D.C., Chalmers J.D. Human L-ficolin (ficolin-2) and its clinical significance. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2012, vol. 2012: 138797. doi: 10.1155/2012/138797</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Klein M., Obermaier B., Angele B., Pfister H.W., Wagner H., Koedel U., Kirschning C.J. Innate immunity to pneumococcal infection of the central nervous system depends on toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 198, no. 7, pp. 1028–1036. doi:10.1086/591626</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Koedel U., Rupprecht T., Angele B., Heesemann J., Wagner H., Pfister H.W., Kirschning C.J. MyD88 is required for mounting a robust host immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the CNS. Brain, 2004, vol. 127, pt. 6, pp. 1437–1445. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Koppe U., Suttorp N., Opitz B. Recognition of Streptococcus pneumoniae by the innate immune system. Cell Microbiol., 2012, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 460–466. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01746.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Krarup A., Sorensen U.B., Matsushita M., Jensenius J.C., Thiel S. Effect of capsulation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria on binding of the pattern recognition molecules mannan-binding lectin, L-ficolin, and H-ficolin. Infect. Immun., 2005, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 1052–1060. doi: 10.1128/IAI.73.2.1052-1060.2005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Ku C.L., Picard C., Erdos M., Jeurissen A., Bustamante J., Puel A., Von Bernuth H., Filipe-Santos O., Chang H.H., Lawrence T., Raes M., Marodi L., Bossuyt X., Casanova J.L. IRAK4 and NEMO mutations in otherwise healthy children with recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease. J. Med. Genet., 2007, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 16–23. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.044446</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Oksenhendler E., Gerard L., Fieschi C., Malphettes M., Mouillot G., Jaussaud R., Viallard J.F., Gardembas M., Galicier L., Schleinitz N., Suarez F., Soulas-Sprauel P., Hachulla E., Jaccard A., Gardeur A., Theodorou I., Rabian C., Debre P., Group D.S. Infections in 252 patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 1547–1554. doi: 10.1086/587669</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Patarcic I., Gelemanovic A., Kirin M., Kolcic I., Theodoratou E., Baillie K.J., De Jong M.D., Rudan I., Campbell H., Polasek O. The role of host genetic factors in respiratory tract infectious diseases: systematic review, meta-analyses and field synopsis. Sci. Rep., 2015, vol. 5: 16119. doi: 10.1038/srep16119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Picard C., Bobby Gaspar H., Al-Herz W., Bousfiha A., Casanova J.L., Chatila T., Crow Y.J., Cunningham-Rundles C., Etzioni A., Franco J.L., Holland S.M., Klein C., Morio T., Ochs H.D., Oksenhendler E., Puck J., Tang M.L.K., Tangye S.G., Torgerson T.R., Sullivan K.E. International Union of Immunological Societies: 2017 Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Committee Report on Inborn Errors of Immunity. J. Clin. Immunol., 2018, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 96–128. doi:10.1007/s10875-017-0464-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Picard C., Casanova J.L., Puel A. Infectious diseases in patients with IRAK-4, MyD88, NEMO, or IkappaBalpha deficiency. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2011, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 490–497. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00001-11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Rabes A., Suttorp N., Opitz B. Inflammasomes in pneumococcal infection: innate immune sensing and bacterial evasion strategies. Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol., 2016, vol. 397, pp. 215–227. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Ram S., Lewis L.A., Rice P.A. Infections of people with complement deficiencies and patients who have undergone splenectomy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2010, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 740–780. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00048-09</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Rathinam V.A.K., Chan F.K. Inflammasome, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis. Trends Mol. Med., 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.01.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Resnick E.S., Moshier E.L., Godbold J.H., Cunningham-Rundles C. Morbidity and mortality in common variable immune deficiency over 4 decades. Blood, 2012, vol. 119, no. 7, pp. 1650–1657. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-377945</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Roy S., Knox K., Segal S., Griffiths D., Moore C.E., Welsh K.I., Smarason A., Day N.P., Mcpheat W.L., Crook D.W., Hill A.V., Oxford Pneumoccocal Surveillance G. MBL genotype and risk of invasive pneumococcal disease: a case-control study. Lancet, 2002, vol. 359, no. 9317, pp. 1569–1573. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08516-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Smelaya T.V., Belopolskaya O.B., Smirnova S.V., Kuzovlev A.N., Moroz V.V., Golubev A.M., Pabalan N.A., Salnikova L.E. Genetic dissection of host immune response in pneumonia development and progression. Sci. Rep., 2016, vol. 6, pp. 35021. doi: 10.1038/srep35021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Smolnikova M.V., Freidin M.B., Tereshchenko S.Y. The prevalence of the variants of the L-ficolin gene (FCN2) in the arctic populations of East Siberia. Immunogenetics, 2017, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 409–413. doi: 10.1007/s00251-017-0984-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Troldborg A., Hansen A., Hansen S.W., Jensenius J.C., Stengaard-Pedersen K., Thiel S. Lectin complement pathway proteins in healthy individuals. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2017, vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 138–147. doi: 10.1111/cei.12909</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Zelensky A.N., Gready J.E. The C-type lectin-like domain superfamily. FEBS J., 2005, vol. 272, no. 24, pp. 6179–6217. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05031.x</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
