<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">618</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-1-67-75</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of prime-boost immunization in mice vaccinated with live and inactivated influenza A (H5N1) vaccines</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммуногенность и защитная эффективность живой и инактивированной гриппозных вакцин против вирусов гриппа A (H5N1) при использовании их для прайм-буст иммунизации мышей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-7315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Losev</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Losev Igor. V. - Researcher, Laboratory of Immunology and Viral Disease Prevention, Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p>
<p>197376, St. Petersburg, Academic Pavlov str., 12.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лосев Игорь Владимирович - научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии.</p>
<p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12.</p></bio><email>iemlosev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-4739</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petukhova</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петухова</surname><given-names>Г. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petukhova Galina D. - PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Immunology and Viral Disease Prevention, Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p>
<p>197376, St. Petersburg, Academic Pavlov str., 12.</p>
<p>Phone: +7 (921) 759-96-06 (mobile).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петухова Галина Дмитриевна - кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии.</p>
<p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12.</p>
<p>Тел.: 8 (921) 759-96-06 (моб.).</p></bio><email>gala.iem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-1508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isakova-Sivak</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исакова-Сивак</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Isakova-Sivak Irina N. - PhD (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Immunology and Viral Disease Prevention, Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p>
<p>197376, St. Petersburg, Academic Pavlov str., 12.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исакова-Сивак Ирина Николаевна - кандидат биологических наук, руководитель лаборатории иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии.</p>
<p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12.</p></bio><email>isakova.sivak@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-9959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rudenko Larisa G. - PhD, MD (Biology), Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p>
<p>197376, St. Petersburg, Academic Pavlov str., 12.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Руденко Лариса Георгиевна - доктор биологических наук, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, руководитель отдела вирусологии.</p>
<p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12.</p></bio><email>vacine@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-05-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-03-14"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Losev I., Petukhova G., Isakova-Sivak I., Rudenko L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Лосев И.В., Петухова Г.Д., Исакова-Сивак И.Н., Руденко Л.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Losev I., Petukhova G., Isakova-Sivak I., Rudenko L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лосев И.В., Петухова Г.Д., Исакова-Сивак И.Н., Руденко Л.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/618">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/618</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Avian influenza A (H1N1) in humans is characterized by severe clinical manifestation and high mortality. The main drawback of current human H5N1 vaccines is related to low immunogenicity. Prime-boost vaccination is considered as an effective approach to enhance vaccine immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to compare immune response and protective efficacy of diverse prime-boost immunization protocols: 1) prime and boost with live influenza vaccine (LAIV) А/17/Turkey/Turkey/05/133 (H5N2); 2) prime with LAIV А/17/Turkey/Turkey/05/133 (H5N2) followed by boost with inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) “Orniflu” (H5N1). Both vaccination protocols were found to increase serum antibody level against homologous and heterologous influenza A virus strains. In particular, serum HAI antibodies were significantly elevated solely after LAIV/LAIV vaccination. A more sensitive sandwich ELISA assay revealed that serum virus-specific IgG antibody levels were significantly increased after both vaccination protocols as well as after a single LAIV or IIV vaccination. Both LAIV and IIV boost increased titers of serum IgG specific against unrelated influenza A (H5N1) strains: homologous A/NIBRG-23 (clade 2.2), A/Indonesia (clade 2.1) and, to a lesser extent, against clade 1 virus A/ Vietnam and even against heterologous А/New York (H1N1). Single LAIV vaccination was also able to induce antibody responses against all strains examined, though to a lesser degree as compared with either prime-boost protocols. However, amount of splenic CD8+ Тcells specific to homologous influenza A virus strain was solely observed after LAIV/IIV vaccination. Moreover, both LAIV and IIV boosting effect demonstrated high protection level against lethal challenge with А (H1N1) WT virus and significantly decreased lung viral titer compared to control group. Furthermore, both regimens resulted in lung virus clearance after non-lethal challenge with clade 1, 2.1 or 2.2 influenza А (H5N1). In conclusion, we demonstrated that both LAIV/LAIV and LAIV/IIV regimens were able to induce cross-clade A (H5N1) response and that prime-boost immunization was a promising approach to improve immunogenicity of influenza A (H5N1) virus vaccine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Случаи заболевания людей птичьими вирусами гриппа А (H5N1) характеризуются тяжелыми клиническими проявлениями и высоким уровнем летальности. Основная проблема вакцин Н5N1 заключается в их низкой иммуногенности для людей. Прайм-буст иммунизация считается эффективным подходом к усилению иммуногенности вакцин. Целью данной работы было сравнение иммунного ответа и защитной эффективности при использовании следующих схем прайм-буст иммунизации мышей: 1) праймирование и бустирование живой грипозной вакциной (ЖГВ) А/17/Turkey/Turkey/05/133 (H5N2); 2) праймирование ЖГВ А/17/Turkey/Turkey/05/133 (H5N2) и бустирование инактивированной гриппозной вакциной (ИГВ) «Орнифлю» (H5N1). Оба способа характеризовались усилением продукции сывороточных антител к гомологичным и гетерологичным штаммам вируса гриппа А. Достоверное увеличение титров антител к гомологичному штамму по данным РТГА обнаруживалось только при двукратной вакцинации ЖГВ. Более чувствительный метод ИФА выявил достоверное увеличение титров специфичных к вирусу сывороточных IgG как при обоих способах прайм-буст иммунизации, так и при однократном введении мышам ЖГВ или ИГВ. Бустирование как ЖГВ, так и ИГВ достоверно повышало титры сывороточных IgG к другим генетическим линиям вирусов A (H5N1): в большей степени к гомологичному A/NIBRG-23 (clade 2.2), штамму A/Indonesia (clade 2.1) и в меньшей степени к более генетически удаленному A/Vietnam (clade 1), а также к гетерологичному А/New York (H1N1). Однократная вакцинация ЖГВ также вызывала достоверный прирост антител ко всем использованным вирусам, хотя количественно меньший, чем при любой прайм-буст иммунизации. По способности стимулировать специфичные к гомологичному штамму CD8+ Т-лимфоциты селезенки, оптимальной схемой оказалась прайм-буст иммунизация ЖГВ/ИГВ, которая привела к достоверному увеличению этих клеток по сравнению с контрольной группой, в отличие от всех остальных случаев. Обе бустирующие вакцины (ЖГВ и ИГВ) показали высокий уровень защиты при летальном челлендже вирусом А (H1N1) и снижение титров вируса в легких по сравнению с отрицательным контролем. Оба способа прайм-буст иммунизации приводили к практически полному клиренсу вирусов А (H5N1) в легких и носовых ходах мышей, вне зависимости от штамма. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о формировании перекрестного иммунитета к вирусам A (H5N1), относящимся к различным кладам и о целесообразности прайм-буст вакцинации для формирования иммунитета к птичьим вирусам А (H5N1).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza vaccines</kwd><kwd>influenza</kwd><kwd>prime-boost immunization</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>live attenuated influenza vaccine</kwd><kwd>influenza virus А (H5N2)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гриппозные вакцины</kwd><kwd>грипп</kwd><kwd>прайм-буст иммунизация</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>живая аттенуированная гриппозная вакцина</kwd><kwd>А (H5N2)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Сергеева М.В., Крохин А., Матросович М., Матросович Т., Волшек М., Киселев О.И., Романова Ю.Р. Влияние конформационной стабильности гемагглютинина вируса гриппа на качество инактивированных вакцин H5N1 // Microbiology Independent Research Journal. 2014. Т. 1, № 1. С. 1–11. [Sergeeva M., Krokhin A., Matrosovich M., Matrosovich T., Wolschek M., Kiselev O., Romanova J. H5N1 inf luenza vaccine quality is affected by hemagglutinin conformational stability. Microbiology Independent Research Journal, 2014, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–11. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Baz M., Luke C.J., Cheng X., Jin H., Subbarao K. H5N1 vaccines in humans. Virus Res., 2013, vol. 178, iss. 1, pp. 78–98.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Brooks W.A., Zaman K., Lewis K.D., Ortiz J. R., Goswami D., Feser J., Sharmeen A.T., Nahar R., Rahman M., Rahman M.Z., Barin B., Yunus M., Fry A.M., Bresee J., Azim T., Kathleen K.M. Efficacy of a Russian-backbone live attenuated inf l uenza vaccine among young children in Bangladesh: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Glob. Health, 2016, vol. 4: e946–e954.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Caspard H., Heikkinen T., Belshe R.B., Ambrose C.S. A systematic review of the efficacy of live attenuated inf luenza vaccine upon revaccination of children. Hum. Vacc. Immunother., 2016, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1721–1727.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Cottey R., Rowe C.A., Bender B.S. Inf luenza virus. Curr. Protoc. Immunol., 2001, chapter 19: unit 19.11. doi: 10.1002/0471142735.im1911s42</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian inf luenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2015. URL: http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_201503031cumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Ebensen T., Debarry J., Pedersen G.K., Blazejewska P., Weissmann S., Schulze K., McCullough K.C., Cox R.J., Guzmán C.A. Mucosal administration of cycle-di-nucleotide-adjuvanted virosomes efficiently induces protection against inf luenza H5N1 in mice. Front. Immun., 2017, vol. 8: 1223.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Foster B., Prussan C. Detection of intracellular cytokines by f low cytometry. Curr. Protoc. Immunol., 2007, chapter 6: unit 6.24. doi: 10.1002/0471142735.im0624s78</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Friede M., Palkonyay L., Alfonso C., Pervikov Y., Torelli G., Wood D., Kieny M.P. WHO initiative to increase global and equitable access to inf luenza vaccine in the event of a pandemic: supporting developing country production. Vaccine, 2011, suppl. 29: A2–A7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.079</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Goji N.A., Nolan C., Hill H., Wolff M., Noah D.L., Williams T.B., Rowe T., Treanor J.J. Immune responses of healthy subjects to a single dose of intramuscular inactivated inf luenza A/ Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) vaccine after priming with an antigenic variant. J. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 198, iss. 5, pp. 635–641.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Houser K., Subbarao K. Inf luenza vaccines: challenges and solutions. Cell Host Microbe, 2015, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 295–300.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ikeno D., Kimachi K., Kudo Y., Goto S., Itamura S., Odagiri T., Tashiroc M. Kino Y. A prime-boost vaccination of mice with heterologous H5N1 strains. Vaccine, 2009, vol. 27, iss. 23, pp. 3121–3125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Matsuoka Y., Lamirande E.W., Subbarao K. Mouse model for Inf luenza. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol., 2009, chapter 15: unit 15G.3. doi: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15g03s13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Nayak J.L., Richards K.A., Yang H., Treanor J.J., Sant A.J. Effect of inf luenza A(H5N1) vaccine prepandemic priming on CD4+ T-cell response. J. Infec. Dis., 2015, vol. 211, iss. 9, pp. 1408–1417.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Peng Y., Wang B., Talaat K., Karron R., Powell T. J., Zeng H., Dong D., Luke C.J., McMichael A., Subbarao K., Dong T. Boosted inf luenza-specific T cell responses after H5N1 pandemic live attenuated inf luenza virus vaccination. Front. Immunol., 2015, vol. 6: 287.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Pitisuttithum P., Boonnak K., Chamnanchanunt S., Puthavathana P., Luvira V., Lerdsamran H., Kaewkungwal J., Lawpoolsri S., Thanachartwet V., Silachamroon U., Masamae W., Schuetz A., Wirachwong P., Thirapakpoomanunt S., Rudenko L., Sparrow E., Friede M., Kieny M.P. Safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated inf luenza H5 candidate vaccine strain A/17/Turkey/ Turkey/05/133 H5N2 and its priming effects for potential pre-pandemic use: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis., 2017, vol. 17, iss. 8, pp. 833–842.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Rudenko L., Kiseleva I., Stukova M., Erofeeva M., Naykhin A., Donina S., Larionova N., Pisareva M., Krivitskaya V., Flores J; Russian LAIV Trial Study Group. Clinical testing of pre-pandemic live attenuated A/H5N2 inf luenza candidate vaccine in adult volunteers: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind phase I study. Vaccine, 2015, vol. 33, iss. 39, pp. 5110 –5117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Rudenko L., Naykhin A., Donina S., Korenkov D., Petukhova G., Isakova-Sivak I., Losev I., Stukova M., Erofeeva M., Nikiforova A., Power M., Flores J. Assessment of immune responses to H5N1 inactivated inf luenza vaccine among individuals previously primed with H5N2 live attenuated inf luenza vaccine. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2015, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 2839–2848.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Rudenko L., Yeolekar L., Kiseleva I., Isakova-Sivak I. Development and approval of live attenuated inf luenza vaccines based on Russian master donor viruses: process challenges and success stories. Vaccine, 2016, vol. 34, no. 45, pp. 5436–5441.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Sabarth N., Howard M.K., Savidis-Dacho H., van Maurik A., Barrett P.N., Kistner O. Comparison of single, homologous primeboost and heterologous prime-boost immunization strategies against H5N1 inf luenza virus in a mouse challenge model. Vaccine, 2010, vol. 28, pp. 650 –656.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Stephenson I., Nicholson K.G., Colegate A., Podda A., Wood J., Ypma E., Zambon M. Boosting immunity to inf luenza H5N1 with MF59-adjuvanted H5N3 A/Duck/Singapore/97 vaccine in a primed human population. Vaccine, 2003, vol. 21, no. 15, pp. 1687–1693.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Wang Z., Loh L., Kedzierski L., Kedzierska K. Avian inf luenza viruses, inf lammation, and CD8+ T Cell immunity. Front. Immunol., 2016, vol. 7: 60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Inf luenza (Seasonal). 2016. URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en (04.12.2017)</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
