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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">596</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2017-4-383-392</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">RESULTS OF GENOTYPING HEPATITIS VIRUS B IN HBsAg-NEGATIVE BLOOD DONORS IN ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ГЕНОТИПИРОВАНИЯ ВИРУСА ГЕПАТИТА В У HBsAg-НЕГАТИВНЫХ ДОНОРОВ КРОВИ В г. АСТАНА, КАЗАХСТАН</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Virology and Immunology HIV, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Associate Professor, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, North-West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. лабораторией вирусологии и иммунологии ВИЧ-инфекции ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; доцент кафедры иммунологии ГБОУ ВПО Первый Санкт- Петербургский Государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова МЗ РФ, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; доцент кафедры клинической лабораторной диагностики ГБОУ ВПО Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова МЗ РФ</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burkitbayev</surname><given-names>Z. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буркитбаев</surname><given-names>Ж. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., директор</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchuk</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савчук</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Department of Laboratory Studies of Transfusion Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав. отделением лабораторных исследований трансфузионных инфекций, РГП на ПХВ</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Full Member, PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Director of St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Head of the Department of Immunology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией молекулярной иммунологии, директор ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; зав. кафедрой иммунологии ГБОУ ВПО Первый Санкт-Петербургский Государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова МЗ РФ</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Санкт-Петербургский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБОУ ВПО Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова МЗ РФ, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБОУ ВПО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» МЗ РФ, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research and Production Center of Transfusiology, Astana</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-производственный центр трансфузиологии, Астана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>383</fpage><lpage>392</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Ostankova Y.V., Semenov A.V., Burkitbayev Z.K., Savchuk T.N., Totolian A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Останкова Ю.В., Семенов А.В., Буркитбаев Ж.К., Савчук Т.Н., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ostankova Y.V., Semenov A.V., Burkitbayev Z.K., Savchuk T.N., Totolian A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Останкова Ю.В., Семенов А.В., Буркитбаев Ж.К., Савчук Т.Н., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/596">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/596</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The prevalence of HBV infection is estimated by the frequency of occurrence of HBsAg and varies depending on the geographic region. Chronic infection is characterized by a stable presence of HBsAg for 6 months, with the exception of the occult form of the disease, characterized by the absence of HBsAg, an extremely low level of HBV DNA in the blood serum. The problem of identifying occult HBV (ocHBV) is especially relevant because of the development of transplantology and transfusiology. However, serological screening of donor blood used in the Russian Federation and Central Asian countries does not reveal HBV seronegative donors. Since HBV infection is possible with the introduction of small doses of the virus, the importance of using complex molecular methods for detecting donor ocHBV is obvious, despite the low viral load, since donor blood is used predominantly in patients with severe course of various diseases characterized by increased susceptibility to HBV because of immunosuppression. The aim of our work was to study the characteristics of the genetic structure of the ocHBV in donors in Astana, Kazakhstan. A total of 500 blood plasma samples from HBsAg-negative donors were obtained in 2012 from residents of Kazakhstan, Astana. Using the method, we proposed to detect HBV DNA with a low viral load, HBV was detected in 9.4% of donors. Serological markers were found in 12.7% of patients with HBV DNA, 8.5% had HBcor IgG antibodies, 4.2% had HBcor IgG and HBe IgG antibodies at the same time. Thus, in 41 (87.3%) of the blood donor, ocHBV was seronegative. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the 47 isolates showed that the HBV of genotype D (95.75%) prevails in the examined group in comparison with HBV of genotype A (4.25%). HBV subgenotypes are represented in the following ratios: D1 — 46.8%, D2 — 17.05%, D3 — 31.9%, A2 — 4.25%. In a comparative analysis, the distribution of HBV subgenotypes in the group with ocHBV and in the case of the manifest form in donors in the Republic of Kazakhstan significantly differed — χ2 = 14.027 at p = 0.0072, df = 4. The incidence of HBV D3 with ocHBV (31.9%) exceeded that of patients with a manifest form (7.4%). The relative risk of occult form of disease in patients with the subgenotype D3 is significantly higher (RR = 1.572, CI: 1.179–2.096, p = 0.0208). When assessing the picture of HBV diversity on the material of the group including HBsAg-negative and HBsAg-positive blood donors, it is evident that the genetic relationship of the manifestations of the manifest HBV and the ocHBV of genotype D is obvious. Among the isolates are both similar in nucleotide sequences with those previously described in various regions of Europe and Central Asia, and circulating in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which indicates an independent homologous evolution of HBV in the region. The high incidence of ocHBV among HBsAg-negative blood donors is indicative not only of the widespread prevalence of the occult form of the disease course in the population and the inadequacy for the detection of chronic HBV of conventional HBsAg and HBV DNA in the peripheral blood using commercial kits, but also the need to study the characteristics of the immune response with this form of the disease course.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Распространенность ВГВ-инфекции оценивается по частоте встречаемости HBsAg и варьирует в зависимости от географического региона. Для хронической инфекции характерно устойчивое присутствие HBsAg в течение 6 месяцев за исключением оккультной формы течения заболевания, характеризующейся отсутствием HВsAg, крайне низким уровнем ДНК ВГВ в сыворотке крови. Проблема выявления оккультного ГВ (окГВ) особенно актуальна в связи с развитием трансплантологии и трансфузиологии. Однако использующийся в РФ и странах Средней Азии серологический скрининг донорской крови не выявляет ВГВ серонегативных доноров. Поскольку заражение ВГВ возможно при введении малых доз вируса, очевидна значимость использования сложных молекулярных методов для выявления окГВ у доноров, несмотря на низкую вирусную нагрузку, так как донорская кровь используется преимущественно у пациентов с тяжелым течением различных заболеваний, отличающихся повышенной восприимчивостью к ВГВ на фоне иммуносупрессии. Целью нашей работы было изучение особенностей генетической структуры окГВ у доноров крови в г. Астана, Казахстан. Обследовано 500 HBsAg-негативных образцов плазмы донорской крови, полученные в 2012 г. от жителей Казахстана, г. Астана. При использовании предложенного нами метода выявления ДНК ВГВ при низкой вирусной нагрузке ВГВ был выявлен у 9,4% доноров. Серологические маркеры обнаружены у 12,7% пациентов с выявленной ДНК ВГВ, при этом в 8,5% случаев обнаружены антитела HBcor IgG, в 4,2% случаев антитела HBcor IgG и HBe IgG одновремен- но. Таким образом, у 41 (87,3%) донора крови окГВ был в серонегативной форме. На основании филогенетического анализа 47 изолятов показано, что в обследованной группе преобладает ВГВ генотипа D (95,75%) по сравнению с ВГВ генотипа А (4,25%). Субгенотипы ВГВ представлены в следующих соотношениях: D1 — 46,8%, D2 — 17,05%, D3 — 31,9%, А2 — 4,25%. При сравнительном анализе распределение субгенотипов ВГВ в группе с окГВ и при манифестной форме у доноров в Республике Казахстан достоверно отличалось — χ2 = 14,027 при p = 0,0072, df = 4. Частота встречаемости ВГВ D3 при окГВ (31,9%) превышала таковую у пациентов с манифестной формой (7,4%). Относительный риск развития оккультной формы ХВГВ у пациентов с субгенотипом D3 достоверно выше (RR = 1,572, CI: 1,179–2,096, p = 0,0208). При оценке картины разнообразия ВГВ на материале группы, включающей HBsAg-негативных и HBsAg-позитивных доноров крови становится очевидным близкое генетическое родство изолятов манифестного ХВГВ и окГВ генотипа D. Среди изолятов представлены как сходные по нуклеотидным последовательностям с ранее описанными в различных регионах Европы и Средней Азии, так и циркулирующие на территории Республики Казахстан, что свидетельствует о независимой гомологичной эволюции ВГВ в регионе. Высокая встречаемость окГВ среди HBsAg-негативных доноров крови свидетельствует не только о широком распространении оккультной формы течения заболевания в популяции и недостаточности для выявления ХВГВ общепринятых анализов на HBsAg и ДНК ВГВ в периферической крови с использования коммерческих наборов, но и говорит о необходимости изучения особенностей иммунного ответа при данной форме течения ХВГВ.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatitis B</kwd><kwd>occult HBV</kwd><kwd>molecular epidemiology</kwd><kwd>DNA HBV</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гепатит В</kwd><kwd>оккультный ВГВ</kwd><kwd>молекулярная эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>секвенирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.Вирусные гепатиты в Российской Федерации: аналитический обзор. СПб: ФБУН НИИЭМ имени Пастера, 2016. 152 с. 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