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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">594</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2017-4-367-374</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE KALININGRAD REGION OF RUSSIA: 10 YEARS AFTER</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА В КАЛИНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ РОССИИ: 10 ЛЕТ СПУСТЯ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyazovaya</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вязовая</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmedova</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмедова</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of the Bacteriological Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. бактериологической лабораторией</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovieva</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of the Bacteriological Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. бактериологической лабораторией</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starkova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старкова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Turkin</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Туркин</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head Physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный врач</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravlev</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлев</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of Department of the Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., руководитель отдела лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Narvskaya</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарвская</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Scientific Advisor, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, Санкт-Петербург, Россия; научный консультант отдела лабораторной диагностики Санкт-Петербургского НИИ фтизиопульмонологии</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokrousov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокроусов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., зав. лабораторией молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tuberculosis Dispensary of the Kaliningrad region, Kaliningrad</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Противотуберкулезный диспансер Калининградской области, г. Калининград</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ НИИ фтизиопульмонологии Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>367</fpage><lpage>374</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Vyazovaya A.A., Akhmedova G.M., Solovieva N.S., Gerasimova A.A., Starkova D.A., Turkin E.N., Zhuravlev V.Y., Narvskaya O.V., Mokrousov I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Вязовая А.А., Ахмедова Г.М., Соловьева Н.С., Герасимова А.А., Старкова Д.А., Туркин Е.Н., Журавлев В.Ю., Нарвская О.В., Мокроусов И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vyazovaya A.A., Akhmedova G.M., Solovieva N.S., Gerasimova A.A., Starkova D.A., Turkin E.N., Zhuravlev V.Y., Narvskaya O.V., Mokrousov I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вязовая А.А., Ахмедова Г.М., Соловьева Н.С., Герасимова А.А., Старкова Д.А., Туркин Е.Н., Журавлев В.Ю., Нарвская О.В., Мокроусов И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/594">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/594</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the Kaliningrad region, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has declined significantly over the past decade (from 134/100 000 in 2006 to 50.6/100 000 in 2015), but still exceeds the average for the North-West Russia (40.7/100 000). In view of the increase in the proportion of primary multidrug resistance (MDR) of the causative agent from 23.9% in 2010 to 30.5% in 2015, the aim of this study was to analyze the current Mycobacterium tuberculosis population structure in the Kaliningrad region and to evaluate its spatial-temporal trends. The 73 M. tuberculosis isolates from patients with pulmonary TB newly diagnosed in 2015 were studied. Drug resistance (DR) was detected in 46 (63.0%) M. tuberculosis strains; of these, 32 (43.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The 46 (63.0%) of 73 M. tuberculosis strains were of the Beijing genotype with 19.2% (14 out of 73) share of the B0/W148 cluster. Spoligotyping of 27 non-Beijing M. tuberculosis strains made it possible to identify 15 spoligotypes of 5 genetic families — T, LAM, Ural, S, X. About half (16; 51.6%) of non-Beijing strains were represented by spoligotypes — SIT42, SIT53, SIT262, and SIT444. In a heterogeneous group T, mostly drugsusceptible strains of spoligotype SIT53 were prevailing. More than half (55.6%) of the LAM genotype strains exhibited DR. The Ural family was small (5.5%) and included strains of well-known in Russia M. tuberculosis spoligotypes SIT35 and SIT262, and one new, not found previously. MDR was statistically significantly associated with the Beijing genotype: 56.5% versus 25.9% in strains of other genotypes (in total) (P = 0.0134). Moreover, all 14 strains of epidemiologically and clinically significant B0/W148 cluster were MDR. The proportion of MDR strains of the Beijing genotype did not change significantly: in 2006 it was 61.3%, in 2015 — 56.5% (P = 0.6773). However, the spectrum of drug resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs expanded. If previously the majority (78.9%) of MDR strains additionally exhibited resistance to streptomycin only, in present study 72.0% of MDR strains were resistant to streptomycin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. The proportion of MDR strains of non-Beijing genotypes was 25.9%, a significantly higher than the similar indicators in 2006 — 2.2% (P = 0.0124). A relatively smaller proportion of strains of the Beijing genotype (50%) was found in TB patients from the shores of the Baltic Sea, a territory with a relatively more favorable socio-economic situation and a higher standard of living. Thus, the current epidemiological situation of TB in the Kaliningrad region is crucially determined by the growing circulation of MDR Beijing family strains, as well as a significant increase in the proportion of MDR strains of other genotypes.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В Калининградской области за последние десять лет заболеваемость туберкулезом существенно снизилась (с 134/100 000 в 2006 г. до 50,6/100 000 в 2015 г.), однако по-прежнему превышает средний показатель по Северо-Западному федеральному округу — 40,7/100 000. Учитывая увеличение удельного веса первичной множественной лекарственной устойчивости (МЛУ) возбудителя с 23,9% в 2010 г. до 30,5% в 2015 г., целью настоящего исследования был анализ современной структуры популяции Mycobacterium tuberculosis в Калининградской области и оценка тенденций ее изменения в пространственно-временном контексте. Было изучено 73 изолята M. tuberculosis, выделенных от впервые выявленных больных туберкулезом легких в 2015 г. Лекарственная устойчивость (ЛУ) выявлена у 46 (63,0%) штаммов M. tuberculosis, из них 32 (43,8%) обладали мультирезистентностью. Установлена принадлежность к генотипу Beijing 46 (63,0%) из 73 штаммов M. tuberculosis. Доля кластера В0/W148 генотипа Beijing составила 19,2% (14 из 73). Сполиготипирование 27 штаммов nonBeijing M. tuberculosis позволило выделить 15 сполиготипов 5 генетических семейств — Т, LAM, Ural, S, X. Около половины (16; 51,6%) штаммов non-Beijing были представлены сполиготипами — SIT42, SIT53, SIT262, SIT444. В гетерогенной группе Т превалировали преимущественно лекарственно чувствительные штаммы сполиготипа SIT53. Более половины (55,6%) штаммов генотипа LAM проявляли ЛУ. Семейство Ural было малочисленно (5,5%) и включало в себя штаммы M. tuberculosis, сполиготипы которых хорошо известны в России — SIT35 и SIT262, так и один новый, ранее не встречавшийся. МЛУ статистически значимо была связана с генотипом Beijing: 56,5% против 25,9% у штаммов прочих генотипов (суммарно) (P = 0,0134). При этом все 14 штаммов эпидемиологически и клинически значимого кластера В0/W148 были мультирезистентными. Доля МЛУ штаммов генотипа Beijing существенно не изменилась: в 2006 г. — 61,3%, в 2015 г. — 56,5% (P = 0,6773). Однако расширился спектр лекарственной устойчивости к противотуберкулезным препаратам первого ряда: если ранее большинство (78,9%) МЛУ штаммов дополнительно проявляли устойчивость лишь к стрептомицину, то в настоящем исследовании 72,0% МЛУ штаммов были устойчивы к стрептомицину, этамбутолу и пиразинамиду. Доля МЛУ штаммов non-Beijing составила 25,9%, что существенно выше аналогичного показателя 2006 г. — 2,2% (P = 0,0124). Сравнительно меньшая доля штаммов генотипа Beijing (50%) обнаружена у больных туберкулезом, проживающих на побережье Балтийского моря, регионе с относительно благополучной социально-экономической ситуацией и более высоким качеством жизни населения. Таким образом, современную эпидемиологичекую ситуацию по туберкулезу в Калининградской области критически определяет нарастающая циркуляция МЛУ штаммов генетического семейства Beijing, а также существенное увеличение доли МЛУ штаммов других генотипов.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pulmonary tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>molecular epidemiology</kwd><kwd>Kaliningrad region</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>spoligotyping</kwd><kwd>Beijing genotype</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туберкулез легких</kwd><kwd>молекулярная эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>Калининградская область</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>сполиготипирование</kwd><kwd>генотип Beijing</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.Вязовая А.А., Ветров В.В., Лялина Л.В., Мокроусов И.В., Соловьева Н.С., Журавлев В.Ю., Вишневский Б.И., Нарвская О.В. 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