Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and ImmunityИнфекция и иммунитет2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI4910.15789/2220-7619-2011-3-211-220REVIEWSОБЗОРЫSOME FEATURES OF GENOME STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSISНЕКОТОРЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРУКТУРЫ ГЕНОМА И ЭВОЛЮЦИИ MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSISMokrousovI. V.МокроусовИ. В.
Russian Federation

д.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной микробиологии

197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14

imokrousov@mail.ruФГУН «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера» Роспотребнадзора, Санкт-Петербург30062011132112203006201430062014Copyright ©; 2014, Mokrousov I.V.Copyright ©; 2014, Мокроусов И.В.2014Mokrousov I.V.Мокроусов И.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/49

Abstract. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex includes both human pathogens (M. tuberculosis, M. africanum and M. canettii), rodent paghogens (M. microti), as well as Mycobacterium bovis with wide range of hosts and related M. caprae and M. pinnipedii. In spite of phenotypic and host differences these species present a highly homogeneous genospecies with 99.7–99.9% of genome homology and extremely low level of horizontal gene transfer. Recent genetic research in the last decade permitted to revisit and revise old and new dogmas about genome and evolution of M. tuberculosis. In particular, a classical theory about bovine origin of human tuberculosis during domestication process was rejected. It was demonstrated that genomes of the related species of M. tuberculosis complex evolved through large unidirectional deletions leading to origin of M. tuberculosis sensu stricto, M. bovis and other species (M. canettii, M. microti, M. pinnipedii, M. caprae) from the same progenitor species. Large deletions influence the pathogenic potential of different clonal lineages within M. tuberculosis. At the same time, genetic variation within the short time frames is achieved via changes in the repetitive DNA and transposition of the insertion sequences IS6110 across the genome. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis may adapt to the selective pressure of the host immune system and antituberculosis drugs via specific point mutations. In the last few years a higher level of SNP variation between closely related strains was demonstrated with opens new perspectives for full-genome and multilocus sequence typing of M. tuberculosis.

Резюме. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex включает виды как исключительно возбудителей болезней человека (M. tuberculosis, M. africanum и M. canettii), грызунов (M. microti), так и M. bovis, с широким кругом хозяев и близкие ему виды M. caprae, а также M. pinnipedii. Несмотря на различия фенотипических характеристик и вариабельность круга хозяев среди млекопитающих, они представляют один из наиболее ярких и крайних примеров генетической гомогенности (99,7–99,9% гомологии) и крайне незначительного генетического обмена между штаммами. Интенсивные генетические исследования последнего десятилетия привели к пересмотру или существенному уточнению ряда традиционных и новых взглядов относительно особенностей эволюции и структуры генома M. tuberculosis. В частности, была показана ошибочность классической теории о происхождении возбудителя человеческого туберкулеза (M. tuberculosis) непосредственно от M. bovis вследствие одомашнивания крупного рогатого скота. M. tuberculosis, M. bovis и других родственные виды туберкулезного комплекса (M. canettii, M. microti, M. pinnipedii, M. caprae) возникли из единого предшественника в результате делеций крупных фрагментов генома. При этом некоторые делеции оказывают влияние и на патогенный потенциал различных линий внутри M. tuberculosis. В то же время, в течение более коротких периодов генетическая вариабельность достигается изменениями в повторяющейся ДНК и перемещениями коротких инсерционных последовательностей IS6110. Кроме того, M. tuberculosis может адаптироваться к воздействию факторов иммунного ответа организма хозяина и к селективному давлению антибиотиков путем точечных мутаций. В последние годы анализ близкородственных штаммов выявил больший, чем предполагали ранее, уровень однонуклеотидного полиморфизма близкородственных штаммов M. tuberculosis что открывает новые перспективы для полногеномного и мультилокусного генотипирования.

 

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