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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">444</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2016-4-325-334</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">EFFECT BY INTESTINAL MICROBIOM ON THE PROGRESSION OF VIRAL HEPATITIS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ВЛИЯНИЕ КИШЕЧНОГО МИКРОБИОМА НА ПРОГРЕССИЮ ВИРУСНЫХ ГЕПАТИТОВ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polishchuk</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полищук</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Head of Bacteriological Research Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший преподаватель кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии </p></bio><email>natalya-polishchuck@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamyshny</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камышный</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Head of Molecular Genetics Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии </p></bio><email>natalya-polishchuck@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Zaporozhye State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Запорожский государственный медицинский университет, г. Запорожье, Украина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-12-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>334</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-01-05"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2017-01-05"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Polishchuk N.N., Kamyshny A.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Полищук Н.Н., Камышный А.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Polishchuk N.N., Kamyshny A.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Полищук Н.Н., Камышный А.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/444">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/444</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to the modern concepts an intestinal microbiome has a significant effect on the functioning of the whole body including the immune system, digestive tract and liver in particular. This review displays current understanding of the intestinal microbiome impacting on the progression of chronic viral hepatitis caused by HCV- and HBV-infection, as well as changes in bowel microbiocenosis features depending on the duration of chronic process in the liver. It is indicated that chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis progression is accompanied by Bifidobacterium and strains of lactic acid (Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella) number decreasing and overgrowth of opportunistic species such as Enterococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Enterobactericeae, Candida spp., Clostridia spp. This phenomena caused by PAMPs entry into the bloodstream including various types of toxins playing a role in liver immune inflammation processes progression. Thus patients with HBV and HCV infection are increased the number of CD4+, CD25+ in the blood and liver significantly, FOXP3+ Treg cell providing an immunosuppressive effect, and the function of specific CD8 lymphocytes is reduced and insufficient leveling virus significantly. Microbial imbalance has a negative effect on the biosynthesis of bile acids and sterolbiom functioning of our body as a result of changes in the balance between Bacteroides/Firmicutes, overgrowth of pathogenic and opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, Alcaligeneaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridium cluster XIVa, Helicobacter spp. and Clostridium difficile. These toxins formation and various carcinogenic metabolites from these strains leads to the inflammation development in the intestines and as a consequence to the progression of the inflammatory process in the liver. In turn, the reduction in the bacteria number producing short-chain fatty acid contributes to intestinal colonization by pathogenic representatives Gracilicutes (Salmonella, Shigella, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli) and Firmicutes (Clostridia), the toxins having a direct toxic effect on the liver. It is examined a little-studied question about a possible cofactor effect of enteric viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, poliovirus type 1, Coxsackie virus, ECHO) and bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella, diarrheagenic E. coli, C. jejuni) on the progression of chronic hepatitis. In view of the above, it is necessary to study in further detailed the influence of the intestinal microbiome on the progression of chronic hepatitis HBV/HCV etiology in order to develop a comprehensive approach to treatment and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В свете современных представлений, микробиом кишечника оказывает существенное влияние на функционирование организма в целом, в том числе иммунной системы, желудочно-кишечного тракта и печени. В данном обзоре отображены современные представления о влиянии кишечного микробиома на прогрессирование хронических вирусных гепатитов, обусловленных HCV- и HВV-инфекцией, а также особенности изменений микробиоценоза кишечника в зависимости от длительности хронического процесса в печени. Обозначено, что прогрессирование хронического гепатита до стадии цирроза печени сопровождается снижением количества Bifidobacterium и штаммов, продуцирующих молочную кислоту: Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella и избыточным ростом условно-патогенных видов Enterococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Candida spp., Clostridia spp. Последние обуславливают поступление в кровоток микробных патоген-ассоциированных молекулярных паттернов, в том числе различного рода токсинов, которые играют роль в прогрессировании иммуновоспалительных процессов в печени. При этом у пациентов с HBV и НСV-инфекцией в крови и печени значительно повышается количество CD4+, CD25+, FOXP3+ Treg клеток, оказывающих иммуносупрессивный эффект, а функция специфических CD8 лимфоцитов значительно снижена и недостаточна для нивелирования вируса. Микробный дисбаланс оказывает негативное действие на биосинтез желчных кислот и функционирование стеролбиома нашего организма вследствие изменения равновесия между Bacteroides/Firmicutes, разрастания патогенных и условно патогенных Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, Alcaligeneaceae и Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridium кластера XIVa, а также Helicobacter spp. и Clostridium difficile. Образование этими штаммами токсинов и различного рода канцерогенных метаболитов приводит к развитию воспалительных процессов в кишечнике, и, как следствие, к прогрессированию воспалительного процесса в печени. В свою очередь, снижение количества бактерий, продуцирующих короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты способствует колонизации кишечника патогенными представителями Gracilicutes (Salmonella, Shigella, энтерогеморрагические E. coli) и Firmicutes (Clostridia), токсины которых оказывают прямое токсическое действие на печень. Рассматривается малоизученный вопрос возможного кофакторного влияния кишечных вирусов (ротавирусов, аденовирусов, полиовируса 1 типа, вирусов Коксаки, ЕСНО) и бактерий (Shigella, Salmonella, диареегенные E. coli, C. jejuni) на прогрессирование хронических гепатитов. В связи с вышеизложенным, необходимо проведение дальнейшего детального изучение влияния микробиома кишечника на прогрессию хронических гепатитов HBV/HCV этиологии с целью разработки комплексного подхода к терапии и снижению рисков развития неблагоприятных исходов у больных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic hepatitis</kwd><kwd>liver cirrhosis</kwd><kwd>immune system</kwd><kwd>intestinal microbiome</kwd><kwd>short chain fatty acids</kwd><kwd>bile acids</kwd><kwd>metabolism</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический гепатит</kwd><kwd>цирроз печени</kwd><kwd>иммунитет</kwd><kwd>микробиом кишечника</kwd><kwd>короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>желчные кислоты</kwd><kwd>метаболизм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.Ардатская М.Д. Масляная кислота и инулин в клинической практике. Теоретические аспекты и возможности применения. 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