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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">419</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2016-3-199-206</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY OF GLYCIRRHETINIC AND GLYCIRRHIZIC ACIDS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПРОТИВОВИРУСНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ГЛИЦЕРРЕТОВОЙ И ГЛИЦИРРИЗИНОВОЙ КИСЛОТ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zarubaev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зарубаев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Department of Pre-Clinical Trials, Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела доклинических исследований ФГБУ НИИ гриппа МЗ РФ, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>zarubaev@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anikin</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аникин</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>Senior Researcher, Department of Pre-Clinical Trials, Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник отдела доклинических исследований ФГБУ НИИ гриппа МЗ РФ, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head Researcher, MBRD “Cytomed”, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник ЗАО МБНПК «Цитомед», Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Influenza, 197376, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Professor Popov str., 15/17</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ НИИ гриппа МЗ РФ, 197376, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. проф. Попова, 15/17</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MBRD “Cytomed”, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ЗАО МБНПК «Цитомед», Санкт-Петербург, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-09-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>199</fpage><lpage>206</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Zarubaev V.V., Anikin V.B., Smirnov V.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Зарубаев В.В., Аникин В.Б., Смирнов В.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zarubaev V.V., Anikin V.B., Smirnov V.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зарубаев В.В., Аникин В.Б., Смирнов В.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/419">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/419</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Influenza is a highly contagious human disease. In the course of use of antiviral drugs drug-resistant strains of the virus are formed, resulting in reduced efficiency of the chemotherapy. The review describes the biological activity of glycirrhetinic (GLA) and glycirrhizic (GA) acids in terms of their use as a therapeutic agent for viral infections. So, these compounds are against a broad spectrum of viruses, including herpes, corona-, alphaand flaviviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, vaccinia virus, poliovirus type I, vesicular stomatitis virus and influenza A virus. These data indicate that anti-viral effect of these compounds is due to several types of activity — direct antiviral effects, effects on cellular proand anti-viral and immunomodulating pathways, in particular by activation of innate immunity system. GA interferes with early steps of the viral reproductive cycle such as virus binding to its receptor, the absorption of the virus by endocytosis or virus decapsidation in the cytoplasm. This is due to the effect of GA-induced reduction of membrane fluidity. Thus, one mechanism for the antiviral activity of GA is that GA molecule increases the rigidity of cellular and viral membranes after incorporation in there. This results in increasing of energy threshold required for the formation of negative curvature at the fusion zones, as well as difficult lateral migration of the virus-receptor complexes. In addition, glycyrrhizin prevents interaction of viral nucleoprotein with cellular protein HMGB1, which is necessary for the viral life cycle. Glycyrrhizin also inhibits the induction of oxidative stress during influenza infection, exhibiting antioxidant properties, which leads to a reduction of virus-induced production of cytokines/chemokines, without affecting the replication of the virus. A wide spectrum of biological activity and effect on various aspects of the viral pathogenesis substantiate the effect of GA and GLA as a component of a complex antiviral therapy. A combination of antiviral mechanisms makes GA and GLA unique means capable of providing an antiviral effect in many types of viral pathologies that emphasizes their prospects as a component of comprehensive antiviral therapy. Further research in the field of optimization of their application may lead to the development of new antiviral drugs and effective schemes of their combined application.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Грипп представляет собой высококонтагиозное заболевание человека. На фоне использования этиотропных противовирусных препаратов формируются лекарственно-устойчивые штаммы вируса, следствием чего является снижение эффективности этиотропной химиотерапии. В обзоре рассмотрена биологическая активность глицерретовой (ГЛК) и глицирризиновой (ГК) кислот в свете использования в качестве терапевтического средства при вирусных инфекциях. Так, эти соединения проявляют активность против широкого спектра вирусов, включая герпес-, корона-, альфаи флавивирусы, вирус иммунодефицита человека, вирус вакцины, полиовирус I типа, вирус везикулярного стоматита и вирус гриппа А. Приведенные данные свидетельствуют, что противовируcное действие этих соединений обусловлено несколькими типами активности — прямым противовирусным действием, воздействием на клеточные прои противовирусные пути и иммуномодулирующей активностью, в частности активацией системы неспецифического иммунитета. ГК интерферирует с ранними этапами вирусного репродуктивного цикла, такими как связывание вируса с его рецептором, поглощение вируса путем эндоцитоза или раздевание вируса в цитоплазме. Это обусловлено эффектом снижения текучести мембран в присутствии ГК. Таким образом, один из механизмов противовирусной активности ГК заключается в том, что молекула ГК повышает ригидность мембран клетки и вириона, встраиваясь в них. В результате повышается энергетический порог, требуемый при образовании зон отрицательной кривизны при слиянии, а также затрудняется латеральная миграция вирус-рецепторных комплексов. Кроме того, глицирризин препятствует взаимодействию нуклеопротеина вируса гриппа с клеточным белком HMGB1, которое является необходимым для полноценного жизненного цикла вируса. Глицирризин также угнетает индукцию окислительного стресса при гриппозной инфекции, проявляя антиоксидантные свойства, что приводит к снижению вирусиндуцированную продукцию цитокинов/хемокинов, не влияя на репликацию самого вируса. Широкий спектр биологической активности и воздействие на разные звенья патогенеза вирусных заболеваний обусловливают эффективность ГК и ГЛК в качестве компонентов комплексной противовирусной терапии. Комбинация в одном препарате различных противовирусных механизмов делает ГК и ГЛК уникальными средствами, способными оказывать противовирусное действие при многих типах вирусных патологий, что подчеркивает их перспективность как компонента комплексной противовирусной терапии. Дальнейшие исследования в области оптимизации их применения могут привести к разработке новых противовирусных препаратов и эффективных схем их совместного применения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza</kwd><kwd>glycirrhizic acid</kwd><kwd>anti-viral activity</kwd><kwd>immunomodulating activity</kwd><kwd>antivirals</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>грипп</kwd><kwd>глицирризиновая кислота</kwd><kwd>противовирусная активность</kwd><kwd>иммуномодулирующая активность</kwd><kwd>противовирусные препараты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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