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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">292</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2015-2-113-130</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ACCEPTIVE IMMUNITY — A BASIS FOR SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>АКЦЕПТИВНЫЙ ИММУНИТЕТ — ОСНОВА СИМБИОТИЧЕСКИХ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kisseleva</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Department of Immunology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 191119, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Dostoevskiy str., 32, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. лабораторией иммунорегуляции отдела иммунологии, ФГБУ НИИ экспериментальной медицины, 197376, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. акад. Павлова, 12</p></bio><email>ekissele@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-West Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СЗО РАМН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-06-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>130</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2015-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, Kisseleva E.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Киселева Е.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kisseleva E.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселева Е.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/292">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/292</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Review covers modern data on relationships of normal intestinal microbiota and immune system. Possibility to maintain the residence of large numbers of symbiotic bateria at mucosal surfaces of the body is regarded as a separate and independent immunological function named acceptive immunity. Basic effector arms of protective (defense against pathogens) and acceptive immunity (symbiotic relationships) are compared. Acceptive immunity differs from protective one in the absence of inflammation where all complex of immune reactions occurs in the context of physiological process. Several homeostatic mechanisms that provide crosstalk with symbiotic bacteria at the epithelial surfaces, innate and adaptive immunity are described. The main immunological strategies towards symbiotic bacteria are support of microbial community from one hand, and providing of host defense, from the other hand. The key step of this interaction is sensing of soluble microbial products via pattern-recognition receptors on the host cells. Basic innate immune response consists of mucus production and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides by barrier epithelial cells as well as maintenance of specific anti-inflammatory microenvironment. The main adaptive response is synthesis of secretory immunoglobulin A that is produced to the intestinal lumen and interacts with bacteria. At the same time, immunoglobulin A does not make any damage for commensals. Moreover this factor plays important role in symbiotic relationships. The following promicrobial functions of immunoglobulin A are suggested: participation in biofilm formation, discrimination of intestinal bacteria for fixed and free-living populations as well as facilitation of microbial transport through M cells. Mucosal homeostasis is supported by the development of immunological tolerance with participation of T regulatory cells. Main mechanisms of the development and maintenance of specific tolerance towards antigens of normal microbiota are discussed. Modern data on the participation of two main populations of T-regulatory cells are cited — thymic cells and cells induced in periphery. It is now accepted, that development of specific tolerance to microbial and food antigens plays important role in prevention of autoimmune and allergic diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре представлены современные данные о взаимоотношениях нормальной микробиоты кишечника и иммунной системы. Обеспечение возможности проживания большого количества видов симбионтных бактерий на слизистых рассматривается как отдельная и независимая функция иммунной системы — акцептивная. Приводятся данные по сопоставлению основных эффекторных звеньев протективного (защита от патогенов) и акцептивного (взаимодействие с комменсалами) иммунитета. Важным отличием акцептивного иммунитета от протективного является отсутствие воспаления и осуществление всего сложного комплекса иммунологических реакций только в пределах физиологической нормы. Описаны основные гомеостатические механизмы, обеспечивающие симбиотические взаимоотношения в слизистой кишечника, происходящие на уровне эпителия, а также на уровне клеток врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета. Поскольку симбионтные бактерии являются полезными для организма, основные задачи акцептивного иммунитета заключаются в обеспечении условий для создания и поддержания микробного биоценоза с одной стороны, а с другой — в обеспечении безопасности организма хозяина. Ключевым этапом этого взаимодействия является распознавание микробных продуктов с помощью паттерн-распознающих рецепторов на клетках хозяина. Основным ответом врожденного иммунитета является продукция слизи и антибактериальных пептидов клетками барьерного эпителия, а также развитие в подслизистой специфического микроокружения, богатого противовоспалительными факторами. Главным ответом адаптивного иммунитета является синтез секреторного иммуноглобулина А, который выделяется в просвет кишечника и взаимодействует с бактериями. При этом иммуноглобулин А не оказывает повреждающего действия в отношении комменсалов. Напротив, этот фактор играет важную роль в создании симбиотических взаимоотношений. В качестве предполагаемых промикробных функций секреторного иммуноглобулина А рассматривают его роль в формировании биопленки, в организации фиксированного и свободного способов проживания кишечных бактерий, а также участие иммуноглобулина А в транспорте микроорганизмов через М-клетки. Для поддержания нормального гомеостаза слизистых в организме создается состояние иммунологической толерантности с участием Т-регуляторных клеток. Рассматриваются основные механизмы формирования и поддержания специфичес кой толерантности к антигенам нормальной микробиоты. Приводятся данные об участии в этом процессе двух основных популяций Т-регуляторных клеток — тимусных и индуцированных на периферии. Считается, что поддержание толерантности к антигенам нормальной микробиоты и пищи играет важную системную роль и препятствует развитию аутоиммунных и аллергических состояний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>normal microbiota</kwd><kwd>mucosal immunity</kwd><kwd>pattern-recognition receptors</kwd><kwd>epithelium</kwd><kwd>tolerance</kwd><kwd>symbiosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нормальная микробиота</kwd><kwd>иммунитет слизистой оболочки</kwd><kwd>паттерн-распознающие рецепторы</kwd><kwd>эпителий</kwd><kwd>толерантность</kwd><kwd>симбиоз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Климович В.Б. Актуальные проблемы эволюционной иммунологии // Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии. 2002. Т. 38, № 5. С. 442–451. [Klimovich V.B. 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