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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">271</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2015-1-27-36</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR OF YERSINIA PESTIS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>АКТИВАТОР ПЛАЗМИНОГЕНА ЧУМНОГО МИКРОБА</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evseeva</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евсеева</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory for Plague Microbiology of Department for Particularly Dangerous Infections, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p/><p/><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии чумы отдела особо опасных инфекций ФБУН Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии, п. Оболенск, Московская область, Россия; </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Platonov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Платонов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory for Plague Microbiology of Department for Particularly Dangerous Infections, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation; </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии чумы отдела особо опасных инфекций ФБУН Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии, п. Оболенск, Московская область, Россия;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopylov</surname><given-names>P. Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копылов</surname><given-names>П. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Biochemical Sector of Department for Particularly Dangerous Infections, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p/><p/><p> к.б.н., зав. сектором биохимии отдела особо опасных инфекций ФБУН Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии, п. Оболенск, Московская область, Россия;</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dentovskaya</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дентовская</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p/><p/><p/><p/><p/><p>д.м.н., зав. лабораторией микробиологии чумы отдела особо опасных инфекций ФБУН Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии, п. Оболенск, Московская область, Россия; </p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anisimov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анисимов</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p/><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Deputy Director for Science, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p/><p/><p>д.м.н., профессор, заместитель директора по научной работе ФБУН Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии, п. Оболенск, Московская область, Россия. </p></bio><email>a-p-anisimov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">142279, Russian Federation, Moscow Region, Obolensk, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">142279, Россия, Московская область, п. Оболенск, ФБУН ГНЦ прикладной микробиологии.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-04-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2015-04-21"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2015-04-21"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, Evseeva V.V., Platonov M.E., Kopylov P.K., Dentovskaya S.V., Anisimov A.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Евсеева В.В., Платонов М.Е., Копылов П.Х., Дентовская С.В., Анисимов А.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Evseeva V.V., Platonov M.E., Kopylov P.K., Dentovskaya S.V., Anisimov A.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Евсеева В.В., Платонов М.Е., Копылов П.Х., Дентовская С.В., Анисимов А.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/271">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/271</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Plague has been the cause of three pandemics and has led to the death of millions of people. Plague is a typical zoonosis caused by Yersinia pestis that circulates in populations of wild rodents inhabiting natural plague foci on all continents except for Australia. Transmission of plague is provided by flea bites. Circulation of <italic>Y. pestis </italic>in natural plague foci is supported by a numerous of pathogenicity factors. This review explores one of them, plasminogen activator Pla. This protein is one of representatives of omptins, a family of enterobacterial outer membrane proteases that are responsible for colonization of specific organs or even infection generalization as a result of successful overcoming of the host innate immunity. The review reflects the history of its discovery and studying of its genetic control, biosynthesis, isolation and purification, physicochemical properties. Highly purified preparations of plasminogen activator are deficient in enzymatic activities but renaturation in the presence of <italic>Y. pestis </italic>lipooligosaccharide restores enzymatic properties of Pla. This pathogenicity factor is absent in representatives of the most ancient phylogenetic group of the plague pathogen, bv. caucasica, while the ancestor of other groups of <italic>Y. pestis </italic>subsp. <italic>microtus </italic>obtained in result of horizontal transfer Pla isoform with characteristics similar to properties of omptins from the less virulent enterobacteria. After that in the course of microevolution the “classic” isoform of Pla with increased protease activity was selected that is typical of all highly virulent for humans strains of <italic>Y. pestis </italic>subsp. <italic>pestis</italic>. The “classic” isoform of Pla <italic>Y. pestis </italic>is functionally similar to mammalian plasminogen activators transforming plasminogen into plasmin with the help of limited proteolysis. Pla protease activating plasminogen and also degrading the main plasmin inhibitor — α2-antiplasmin and, respectively, determining <italic>Y. pestis </italic>ability to lyse fibrin clots preventing bacteria dissemination after bites of infected fleas or subcutaneous challenge is believed to be the main <italic>Y. pestis </italic>factor responsible for generalization of infectious process. Pla-mediated ability of <italic>Y. pestis </italic>for selective binding with extracellular matrix and basal membranes may promote further hydrolysis of these structures by the host’s plasmin and overcoming tissue barriers by the pathogen. <italic>Y. pestis </italic>plasminogen activator also hydrolyses C3 complement component, human antimicrobial peptide — cathelicidin LL-37 and such cytokines as tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, interleukin 8 and protein 1 of monocyte chemotaxis. The main endogenic TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor also highly susceptible to proteolytic action of Pla, and efficiency of TFPI inactivation is much higher than efficacy of plasminogen activation. The review also debates the possibility of using Pla as a molecular target for prophylaxis and treatment of plague. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Чума была причиной трех пандемий и привела к гибели миллионов людей. Чума — типичный зооноз, и ее возбудитель — <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic>, циркулирует в популяциях диких грызунов, обитающих в природных очагах чумы на всех материках, кроме Австралии. Передача чумы осуществляется укусами блох. Циркуляция <italic>Y. pestis </italic>в природных очагах чумы обеспечивается целым рядом факторов патогенности. В обзоре рассматривается один из них — активатор плазминогена Pla. Этот белок является одним из представителей омптинов — семейства протеаз наружных мембран патогенных энтеробактерий, обеспечивающих колонизацию отдельных органов и даже генерализацию инфекции в результате успешного противостояния врожденному иммунитету хозяина. Описаны история открытия, генетический контроль, условия биосинтеза, выделение, очистка и физико-химические свойства активатора плазминогена. Высокоочищенные препараты активатора плазминогена утрачивают свою ферментативную активность, а ренатурация в присутствии липоолигосахарида <italic>Y. pestis </italic>восстанавливает энзиматические свойства Pla. Этот фактор патогенности отсутствует у наиболее древней филогенетической группы чумного микроба, bv. caucasica, а предшественник остальных групп <italic>Y. pestis </italic>subsp. <italic>microtus </italic>получил в результате горизонтального переноса изоформу Pla, близкую по свойствам омптинам менее вирулентных энтеробактерий. Затем в ходе микроэволюции была отобрана «классическая» изоформа Pla с повышенной протеолитической активностью, характерная для всех высоковирулентных для человека штаммов <italic>Y. pestis </italic>subsp. <italic>pestis</italic>. «Классическая» изоформа Pla <italic>Y. pestis </italic>функционально подобна активаторам плазминогена млекопитающих, превращающих плазминоген в плазмин путем ограниченного протеолиза. Протеазу Pla, активирующую плазминоген, а также деградирующую основной ингибитор плазмина — α2-антиплазмин и, соответственно, определяющую способность чумного микроба лизировать фибриновые сгустки, препятствующие его распространению после укуса инфицированными блохами или подкожного заражения, принято рассматривать в качестве основного фактора <italic>Y. pestis</italic>, обеспечивающего генерализацию инфекционного процесса. Pla-опосредованная способность <italic>Y. pestis </italic>избирательно связываться с внеклеточным матриксом и базальными мембранами может способствовать последующему гидролизу этих структур плазмином хозяина и преодолению патогеном тканевых барьеров. Активатор плазминогена <italic>Y. pestis </italic>также гидролизует C3 компонент комплемента, человеческий антимикробный пептид — кателицидин LL-37 и такие цитокины как фактор некроза опухолей α, интерферон γ, интерлейкин 8 и протеин 1 хемотаксиса моноцитов. Основной эндогенный ингибитор инициации свертывания крови TFPI, также высокочувствителен к протеолитическому действию Pla, причем эффективность инактивации TFPI гораздо выше, чем эффективность активации плазминогена. В обзоре обсуждается возможность использования Pla в качестве молекулярной мишени для профилактики и лечения чумы. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>plasminogen activator</kwd><kwd>omptin</kwd><kwd>pathogenicity factor</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>plague</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>активатор плазминогена</kwd><kwd>омптин</kwd><kwd>фактор патогенности</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>чума</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Анисимов А.П. Факторы Yersinia pestis, обеспечивающие циркуляцию и сохранение возбудителя чумы в экосистемах природных очагов. 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