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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2122</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-RAO-2122</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk assessment of first-line treatment failure in untreated HIV patients in Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Риск неэффективности терапии первой линии у пациентов с ВИЧ в Северо-Западном федеральном округе России</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchemelev</surname><given-names>Alexandr N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щемелев</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology of HIV Infection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусологии и иммунологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valutite</surname><given-names>Diana E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валутите</surname><given-names>Диана Эдуардовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Doctor, Department of Diagnostics of HIV Infection and AIDS-associated Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинико-лабораторной диагностики отделения диагностики ВИЧ-инфекции и СПИД-ассоциированных заболеваний</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serikova</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серикова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology of HIV Infection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории вирусологии и иммунологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zueva</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуева</surname><given-names>Елена Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Biologist, Department of Diagnostics of HIV Infection and AIDS-associated Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., биолог отделения диагностикиВИЧ-инфекции и СПИД-ассоциированных заболеваний</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Alexandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., директор</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>Areg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>Арег Артемович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Full Member, DSc (Medicine), Professor, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, директор</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Institute of Viral Infections “Virome” of Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Федеральный научно-исследовательский институт вирусных инфекций «Виром» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-03-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>302</fpage><lpage>308</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-01-16"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Shchemelev A.N., Ostankova Y.V., Valutite D.E., Serikova E.N., Zueva E.B., Semenov A.V., Totolian A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Щемелев А.Н., Останкова Ю.В., Валутите Д.Э., Серикова Е.Н., Зуева Е.Б., Семенов А.В., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchemelev A.N., Ostankova Y.V., Valutite D.E., Serikova E.N., Zueva E.B., Semenov A.V., Totolian A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щемелев А.Н., Останкова Ю.В., Валутите Д.Э., Серикова Е.Н., Зуева Е.Б., Семенов А.В., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2122">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2122</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The HIV infection epidemic in Russia continues to evolve, and HIV infection cases have been registered in all territorial entities of the Russian Federation. 2021 Treatment coverage was 82.2% and 56.4% individuals under dispensary observation and living with diagnosed HIV infection. 79.9% receiving ART subjects were shown to achieve undetectable viral load. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) currently represents a combination of three (less frequently four) antiretroviral drugs targeting pathways involved in various stages of HIV replication <italic>in vivo</italic>. Treatment failure is a problem facing doctors and patients using HAART. The most common cause of therapeutic failure is the development of HIV drug resistance. The emergence of resistance is associated with processes involving mutation occurring in the viral genome influenced by evolutionary factors. Therefore, it is important clinically and programmatically to learn more about the rate of first-line treatment failure, the rate of switching to a second-line ART regimen, and to identify patients at risk to develop strategies for preventing development of further failure cases. The study was aimed at analyzing ineffectiveness of first-line ART therapy in patients in Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> Sequencing reactions were performed using the AmpliSens HIV Resist-Seq. Assembly of consensus sequences from fragments obtained during sequencing was carried out using Unipro UGENE software. Isolate genotyping was performed using the MEGA-X software with the Neighbor-joining algorithm. <italic>Results.</italic> The HIV <italic>pol</italic> genes in 239 patients with first-line ART failure and 100 naïve patients were sequenced; all sequences genotyped as HIV-1 subsubtype A6. According to analysis, 82% of patients had at least one significant mutation associated with drug resistance for the corresponding viral subtype. In total, we encountered 87 different drug resistance mutations. <italic>Conclusion.</italic> We have shown increased proportion of patients with first-line ART failure among all patients with treatment failure. The main cause for such changes is probably related to the prevalence of primary drug resistance, estimated here at 8%. Specific differences were found between drug resistance mutation profiles in patients without suppressed viral load and patients with virological breakthrough. The overall results of the study indicate a need to diagnose and characterize HIV drug resistance prior to initiation of therapy in order to avoid ineffective first-line antiretroviral treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Введение.</italic> Эпидемия ВИЧ-инфекции в России продолжает развиваться, случаи ВИЧ-инфекции зарегистрированы во всех субъектах Российской Федерации. Охват лечением в 2021 г. составил 82,2% от числа находящихся на диспансерном наблюдении и 56,4% от всех лиц с ВИЧ-инфекцией. У 79,9% получавших АРТ, была достигнута неопределяемая вирусная нагрузка. Высокоактивная антиретровирусная терапия (ВААРТ) в настоящее время представляет собой комбинацию трех (реже четырех) антиретровирусных препаратов; эти пути-мишени участвуют в различных стадиях репликации ВИЧ в организме. Неэффективность лечения — проблема, с которой сталкиваются врачи и пациенты, применяющие ВААРТ. Наиболее распространенной причиной терапевтической неудачи является развитие лекарственной устойчивости ВИЧ. Возникновение резистентности связано с процессами, сопровождающимися мутациями, происходящими в вирусном геноме под влиянием эволюционных факторов. Таким образом, важно больше узнать о частоте неудач лечения первого ряда, частоте перехода на схему АРТ второго ряда, а также определить, какие пациенты подвержены риску, чтобы разработать стратегии предотвращения случаев неэффективности. Цель работы — проанализировать неэффективность терапии первой линии у больных в Северо-Западном федеральном округе России. <italic>Материалы и методы. </italic>Реакции секвенирования проводили с использованием AmpliSens HIV Resist-Seq. Сборку консенсусных последовательностей из фрагментов, полученных при секвенировании, проводили с помощью программного обеспечения Unipro UGENE. Генотипирование изолятов проводили с помощью программы MEGA-X с использованием алгоритма Neighbor-joining. <italic>Результаты.</italic> Были получены последовательности гена <italic>pol</italic> 239 пациентов с неэффективностью АРТ первой линии и 100 пациентов, ранее не получавших АРТ; все последовательности генотипированы как суб-субтип A6. Согласно анализу, у 82% пациентов была хотя бы одна значимая мутация, связанная с лекарственной устойчивостью для соответствующего подтипа вируса. Всего мы столкнулись с 87 различными мутациями лекарственной устойчивости. <italic>Выводы.</italic> Мы показали увеличение доли пациентов с неэффективностью АРТ первой линии среди всех пациентов с неэффективностью лечения. Основной причиной этих изменений, вероятно, является распространенность первичной лекарственной устойчивости, оцененная в этой статье в 8%. Определенные различия были обнаружены между профилями мутаций лекарственной устойчивости у пациентов без подавления вирусной нагрузки и у пациентов с вирусологическим прорывом. Общие результаты работы свидетельствуют о необходимости диагностики и характеристики лекарственной устойчивости ВИЧ до начала терапии во избежание неэффективности антиретровирусной терапии первой линии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>recombinant forms of HIV</kwd><kwd>HIV drug resistance</kwd><kwd>laboratory diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантные формы ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>лабораторная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bartlett J.A. Addressing the challenges of adherence. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2002, vol. 29, suppl. 1, pp. S2–S10. doi: 10.1097/00126334-200202011-00002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Brenner B., Wainberg M.A., Salomon H., Rouleau D., Dascal A., Spira B., Sekaly R.P., Conway B., Routy J.P. 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