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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2049</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-DIM-2049</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dynamics in maturation of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG antibody avidity depending on immunization timeframe and type</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика матурации авидности IgG-антител к RBD SARS-CoV-2 в зависимости от срока и типа иммунизации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryashova</surname><given-names>Alexandra M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудряшова</surname><given-names>Александра Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории медицинской биотехнологии</p></bio><email>2238250@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manuylov</surname><given-names>Victor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мануйлов</surname><given-names>Виктор Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории трансляционной биомедицины</p></bio><email>2238250@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murzina</surname><given-names>Alyona A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурзина</surname><given-names>Алена Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of the Epidemiological Analysis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологического анализа и мониторинга инфекционных заболеваний</p></bio><email>2238250@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaira</surname><given-names>Alla N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каира</surname><given-names>Алла Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Epidemiologic Analysis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. лабораторией эпидемиологического анализа и мониторинга инфекционных заболеваний</p></bio><email>2238250@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Chemistry), Head of the Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.х.н., зав. лабораторией медицинской биотехнологии</p></bio><email>2238250@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ НИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of health of Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Н.Ф. Гамалеи Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-02-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-19"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Kudryashova A.M., Manuylov V.A., Murzina A.A., Kaira A.N., Borisova O.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Кудряшова А.М., Мануйлов В.А., Мурзина А.А., Каира А.Н., Борисова О.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kudryashova A.M., Manuylov V.A., Murzina A.A., Kaira A.N., Borisova O.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кудряшова А.М., Мануйлов В.А., Мурзина А.А., Каира А.Н., Борисова О.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2049">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2049</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim is to examine dynamics of avidity maturation of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD depending on the type of immunization (vaccination or infection), as well as on the duration and frequency of immunization. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> The study was performed on two sample cohorts collected at two time points during COVID-19 pandemic. The first cohort (group No. 1) consisted of 87 samples of blood sera obtained from COVID-19 convalescents in the period from March to September 2020. The second cohort included 204 samples obtained in September 2021 from two patient groups. Group No. 2 (n = 64) — patients immunized with a full course of Gam-Covid-Vac, group No. 3 (n = 140) — COVID-19 convalescent patients and subjects vaccinated with Gam-Covid-Vac (“hybrid immunity”). <italic>Results and conclusion.</italic> The dynamics of avidity maturation for SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies depending on the method and frequency of immunization, showed that the most effective immunity was formed in COVID-19 convalescent patients and subjects vaccinated with a full course of Gam-Covid-Vac. The “hybrid” immunity showed not only a significantly higher (compared with groups No. 1 and No. 2) level of IgG antibodies (median 228 BAU/ml vs 75 or 119 BAU/ml, p &lt; 0.001), but also a higher level of avidity (IA 90.5% vs 54.5 and 76.6, respectively, p &lt; 0.001, 4M urea). In the test for assessing the avidity index with the denaturing agent 8M urea in patients with “hybrid immunity”, the median level of IA was 25% versus 14.8% and 16% in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinated subjects (p &lt; 0.001), only in 8 patients IA was higher than 50%. While comparing a single infection of COVID-19 with a full course of Gam-Covid-Vac, it was shown that vaccination leads to higher IgG levels (median values in groups 119 and 75 BAU/ml, p &lt; 0.001) and to a higher avidity index (median 76.6% vs 54.5%). Thus, the more rapid induction of high-avidity antibodies was in vaccinated individuals at early stages of immunization (up to 4 months), during the period when IgG avidity maturation has not yet been completed. Our results showed that during this period vaccination leads to production of antibodies with avidity index at median level of 82% versus 36% in COVID-19 convalescents at similar time point.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования — изучение динамики матурации авидности IgG-антител к RBD SARS-CoV-2 в зависимости от пути иммунизации (вакцинация или перенесенная инфекция), а также от срока и кратности иммунизации. <italic>Материалы и методы.</italic> Исследование было проведено на двух выборках образцов, полученных в разные временные промежутки от начала пандемии COVID-19. Первая выборка (группа № 1) — 87 образцов сывороток крови, полученными от реконвалесцентов, однократно переболевших COVID-19 в период с марта по сентябрь 2020 г. Вторая выборка включала 204 образца, полученных в сентябре 2021 г. у двух групп добровольцев. Группа № 2 (n = 64) — добровольцы, иммунизированные полным курсом Гам-Ковид-Вак, группа № 3 (n = 140) — добровольцы, переболевшие COVID-19 и получившие курс вакцины Гам-Ковид-Вак («гибридный иммунитет»). <italic>Результаты и выводы.</italic> Исследование динамики матурации авидности антител класса G к RBD SARS-CoV-2 в зависимости от способа и кратности иммунизации показало, что наиболее эффективный иммунитет формируется у пациентов, переболевших COVID-19 и вакцинированных полным курсом препарата Спутник V (n = 64). В образцах добровольцев с таким анамнезом было показано не только достоверно более высокое (по сравнению с добровольцами групп № 1 и № 2) количественное содержание IgG (медианный уровень 228 BAU/ml против 75 или 119 BAU/ml, p &lt; 0,001), но и более высокий уровень их авидности (ИА 90,5% против 54,5 и 76,6 соответственно, p &lt; 0,001, 4М мочевина). В тесте для определения индекса авидности с 8М мочевиной в качестве денатурирующего агента у пациентов с «гибридным иммунитетом» медианный уровень ИА составил 25% против 14,8 и 16% у переболевших и вакцинированных соответственно (p &lt; 0,001), и только у 8 пациентов был выше 50%. При сравнении таких способов иммунизации, как перенесенный однократно COVID-19 или вакцинация полным курсом Спутник V, было показано, что вакцинация приводит к более высоким уровням IgG (медианные значения в группах 119 и 75 BAU/ml, p &lt; 0,001) и к более высокому индексу их авидности (76,6% против 54,5%). При этом эффективность вакцинации была выраженной уже на ранних стадиях иммунизации (до 4 месяцев) — в период, когда матурация IgG еще не завершена. В этот период вакцинация приводит к выработке антител с ИА уже на медианном уровне 82% против 36% у тех, кто перенес заболевание в тот же срок.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>avidity</kwd><kwd>IgG antibodies</kwd><kwd>maturation</kwd><kwd>human serum</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>авидность</kwd><kwd>IgG-антитела</kwd><kwd>матурация</kwd><kwd>сыворотки крови человека</kwd><kwd>ИФА</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abdullahi Nasir I., Babayo A., Shehu M.S. Clinical significance of IgG avidity testing and other considerations in the diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a review update. Med. Sci. (Basel), 2016, vol. 4, no. 1: 5. doi: 10.3390/medsci4010005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bauer G. 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