<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2033</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-VDS-2033</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Vitamin D signal cascade in macrophages against <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сигнальный каскад системы витамина D в макрофагах против <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lavriashina</surname><given-names>Marуa B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лавряшина</surname><given-names>Мария Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., доцент, зав. кафедрой молекулярной и клеточной биологии</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Imekina</surname><given-names>Darya O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имекина</surname><given-names>Дарья Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры молекулярной и клеточной биологии</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkhorenko</surname><given-names>Boris A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тхоренко</surname><given-names>Борис Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры генетики и фундаментальной медицины</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ulyanova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ульянова</surname><given-names>Марина Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Associate Professor Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент кафедры молекулярной и клеточной биологии</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meyer</surname><given-names>Alina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мейер</surname><given-names>Алина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Associate Professor Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент кафедры молекулярной и клеточной биологии</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarasova</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарасова</surname><given-names>Ольга Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Pathological Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры патологической физиологии</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sizova</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сизова</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student of the Dental Faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент стоматологического факультета</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bryukhacheva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брюхачева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Department of Phthisiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры фтизиатрии</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyanzova</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пьянзова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Phthisiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой фтизиатрии</p></bio><email>lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kemerovo State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Кемеровский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-03-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>234</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-17"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Lavriashina M.B., Imekina D.O., Tkhorenko B.A., Ulyanova M.V., Meyer A.V., Tarasova O.L., Sizova A.S., Bryukhacheva E.O., Pyanzova T.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Лавряшина М.Б., Имекина Д.О., Тхоренко Б.А., Ульянова М.В., Мейер А.В., Тарасова О.Л., Сизова А.С., Брюхачева Е.О., Пьянзова Т.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lavriashina M.B., Imekina D.O., Tkhorenko B.A., Ulyanova M.V., Meyer A.V., Tarasova O.L., Sizova A.S., Bryukhacheva E.O., Pyanzova T.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лавряшина М.Б., Имекина Д.О., Тхоренко Б.А., Ульянова М.В., Мейер А.В., Тарасова О.Л., Сизова А.С., Брюхачева Е.О., Пьянзова Т.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2033">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2033</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> is the causative agent of human tuberculosis; enabling multilayered mechanisms to evade from immune response along with reactivation of the process with subsequent pathogen dissemination. Modification of immune responses through imbalanced intracellular signaling pathways and reprogramming of differential gene expression is one of such mechanisms. Modification targets for <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> are the genes which products are involved in lipid metabolism and apoptosis, a key to eliminate intracellular pathogens. here, we review the current scientific data related to this problem: the results of studies published in domestic and foreign literature from the years 2003 to 2022 were systematized and summarized; data on the role of a number of molecular mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism, autophagy and apoptosis in human TB-infection; discuss contemporary ideas about the importance of the VDR signaling cascade controlled by the vitamin D-axis counteracting <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> infection, its course and outcome. In addition, there are provided the data on the main <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> genetic lines common in Russia and Siberia and the elements of the pathogen-related genetic structure that are important in the context of the topic. The effects of interplay and interactions of intracellular molecular cascades (VDR, NF-kB, MAPK, NFAT5, AMPK, GR) are considered and analyzed, as well as their role in the differential expression of genes that ensure <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> inactivation and elimination. Presenting the data confirming that one of the main strategies of mycobacterium immune evasion — counteraction to autophagy and apoptosis — is implemented through altered VDR signaling pathway, including the epigenetic mechanisms occurring in the pathogen. Based on results of the analysis and summarized literature data (60 articles retrieved from eLIBRARY, PubMed), it is demonstrated that during the thousand-year history of co-evolution with human, <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> acquired unique features of genetic organization and mastered the pathways of immune evasion using non-genomic and genomic mechanisms. Available publications confirm that one of the main strategies for <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> survival in macrophages is to modify a balance between intracellular signaling cascades controlling the differential expression of genes that provide a proper immune response to infection, followed by pathogen elimination.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> — возбудитель туберкулеза человека — обладает комплексом механизмов, обеспечивающих иммунную эвазию (ускользание от иммунного ответа) и реактивацию процесса с последующей диссеминацией патогена. Модификация реакций иммунной системы через нарушение баланса внутриклеточных сигнальных путей и репрограммирование дифференциальной экспрессии генов — один из таких механизмов. Мишенями для модификаций со стороны <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> являются гены, продукты которых участвуют в липидном обмене и в таком ключевом для элиминации внутриклеточных патогенов процессе как апоптоз. В обзорной статье анализируется актуальная научная информация по данной проблеме: осуществлена систематизация и обобщение результатов исследований, опубликованных в отечественной и иностранной литературе в период с 2003 по 2022 гг.; приводятся данные о роли ряда молекулярных механизмов в регуляции липидного обмена, аутофагии и апоптоза при инфицировании человека <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>; обсуждаются современные представления о важности сигнального каскада VDR, контролируемого системой витамина D, в противодействии инфицированию <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>, его течению и исходу. В статье также приводятся данные об основных генетических линиях <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>, распространенных на территории России и Сибири, и элементах генетической структуры патогена, важных в контексте обсуждаемой проблемы. Рассматриваются и анализируются эффекты взаимодействия и взаимовлияния внутриклеточных молекулярных каскадов (VDR, NF-kB, MAPK, NFAT5, AMPK, GR), а также их роль в дифференциальной экспрессии генов, обеспечивающих инактивацию и элиминацию <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>. Приводятся данные, подтверждающие, что одна из основных стратегий иммунной эвазии микобактерии — противодействие аутофагии и апоптозу — реализуется через изменение сигнального пути VDR, включая практикуемые патогеном эпигенетические механизмы. По результатам анализа и обобщения данных литературы (60 статей, представленных в eLIBRARY, PubMed) показано, что за тысячелетнюю историю коэволюции с человеком <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> приобрели уникальные черты генетической организации и освоили пути иммунной эвазии с использованием негеномных и геномных механизмов. Опубликованные в литературе научные данные подтверждают, что одной из основных стратегий выживания <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> в макрофагах является модификации баланса внутриклеточных сигнальных каскадов, контролирующих дифференциальную экспрессию генов, обеспечивающих адекватный иммунный ответ на инфицирование с последующей элиминацией патогена.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>molecular signaling pathways</kwd><kwd>vitamin D</kwd><kwd>VDR</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>immune evasion</kwd><kwd>epigenetics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>молекулярные сигнальные пути</kwd><kwd>витамин D</kwd><kwd>VDR</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>иммунная эвазия</kwd><kwd>эпигенетика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-25-20209</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Беспятых Ю.А., Виноградова Т.И., Маничева О.А., Заболотных Н.В., Догонадзе М.З., Витовская М.Л., Гуляев А.С., Журавлев В.Ю., Шитиков Е.А., Ильина Е.Н. Вирулентность Mycobacterium tuberculosis генотипа Beijing в условиях in vivo // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2019. № 1. С. 173–182. [Bespyatykh Yu.A., Vinogradova T.I., Manicheva O.A., Zabolotnykh N.V., Dogonadze M.Z., Vitovskaya M.L., Gulyaev A.S., Zhuravlev V.Yu., Shitikov E.A., Ilyina E.N. Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotype. Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the Beijing genotype in vivo. Infektsiya i immunitet = Russian Journal of Infection and immunity, 2019, no. 1, pp. 173–182. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-2019-1-173-182</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Вязовая А.А., Мокроусов И.В., Журавлев В.Ю., Соловьева Н.С., Оттен Т.Ф., Маничева О.А., Вишневский Б.И., Нарвская О.В. Молекулярная характеристика мультирезистентных штаммов Mycobacterium tuberculosis, выделенных на Северо-Западе России // Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология. 2016. № 1. С. 30–33. [Vyazovaya A.A., Mokrousov I.V., Zhuravlev V.Yu., Solovyova N.S., Otten T.F., Manicheva O.A., Vishnevsky B.I., Narvskaya O.V. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in the North-West of Russia. Molekulyarnaya genetika, mikrobiologiya i virusologiya = Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2016, no. 1, pp. 30–33. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.18821/0208-0613-2016-34-1-30-33</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Вязовая А.А., Пасечник О.А., Герасимова А.А., Мокроусов И.В. Структура популяции генетического семейства Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis на территории Западной Сибири // Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2020. Т. 98, № 5. С. 32–36. [Vyazovaya A.A., Pasechnik O.A., Gerasimova A.A., Mokrousov I.V. The population structure of Beijing family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Western Siberia. Tuberkulez i bolezni legkikh = Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 2020, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 32–36. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2020-98-5-32-36</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Зенков Н.К., Чечушков А.В., Кожин П.М., Колпакова Т.А., Меньшикова Е.Б. Макрофаг и микобактерия: война без начала и конца // Успехи современной биологии. 2015. Т. 135, № 6. С. 554–574. [Zenkov N.K., Chechushkov A.V., Kozhin P.M., Kolpakova T.A., Menshchikova E.B. Macrophage and mycobacteria: war without beginning or end. Uspekhi sovremennoi biologii = Successes of Modern Biology, 2015, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 554–574. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Каминская Г.О., Абдуллаев Р.Ю. Туберкулез и обмен липидов // Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2016. Т. 94, № 6. С. 53–63. [Kaminskaya G.O., Abdullaev R.Yu. Tuberculosis and lipid metabolism. Tuberkulez i bolezni legkikh = Tuberculosis and lung diseases, 2016, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 53–63. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2016-94-6-53-63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Alimirah F., Peng X., Yuan L., Mehta R.R., von Knethen A., Choubey D., Mehta R.G. Crosstalk between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in human breast cancer cells: PPARγ binds to VDR and inhibits 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 mediated transactivation. Exp Cell Res., 2012, vol. 318, no. 19, pp. 2490–2497. doi: 10.1016/ j.yexcr.2012.07.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Anand P.K., Kaul D. Vitamin D3-dependent pathway regulates TACO gene transcription. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2003, vol. 310, no. 3, pp. 876–877. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.087</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bishop L.E., Ismailova A., Dimeloe S., Hewison M., White J.H. Vitamin D and immune regulation: antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory. JBMR Plus., 2020, vol. 5, no. 1. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10405</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Brudey K., Driscoll J.R., Rigouts L., Prodinger W.M., Gori A., Al-Hajoj S.A., Allix C., Aristimuño L., Arora J., Baumanis V., Binder L., Cafrune P., Cataldi A., Cheong S., Diel R., Ellermeier C., Evans J.T., Fauville-Dufaux M., Ferdinand S., Garcia de Viedma D., Garzelli C., Gazzola L., Gomes H.M., Guttierez M.C., Hawkey P.M., van Helden P.D., Kadival G.V., Kreiswirth B.N., Kremer K., Kubin M., Kulkarni S.P., Liens B., Lillebaek T., Ho M.L., Martin C., Martin C., Mokrousov I., Narvskaïa O., Ngeow Y.F., Naumann L., Niemann S., Parwati I., Rahim Z., Rasolofo-Razanamparany V., Rasolonavalona T., Rossetti M.L., Rüsch-Gerdes S., Sajduda A., Samper S., Shemyakin I.G., Singh U.B., Somoskovi A., Skuce R.A., van Soolingen D., Streicher E.M., Suffys P.N., Tortoli E., Tracevska T., Vincent V., Victor T.C., Warren R.M., Yap S.F., Zaman K., Portaels F., Rastogi N., Sola C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microbiol., 2006, vol. 6: 23. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-23</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Y.C., Hsiao C.C., Chen T.W., Wu C.C., Chao T.Y., Leung S.Y., Eng H.L., Lee C.P., Wang T.Y., Lin M.C. Whole genome DNA methylation analysis of active pulmonary tuberculosis disease identifies novel epigenotypes: PARP9/miR-505/RASGRP4/GNG12 gene methylation and clinical phenotypes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, vol. 21, no. 9. doi: 10.3390/ijms21093180</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Christakos S. Vitamin D gene regulation. In: Principles of bone biology. Eds: Bilezikian J., Raisz L.G., Martin T.J. New York: Elsevier-Academic, 2008, pp. 779–794. doi: 10.1016/B978-012098652-1.50134-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Chun R.F., Liu P.T., Modlin R.L., Adams J.S., Hewison M. Impact of vitamin D on immune function: lessons learned from genome-wide analysis. Front. Physiol., 2014, vol. 5: 151. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00151</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Clark-Curtiss J.E., Haydel S.E. Molecular genetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 2003., vol. 57., pp. 517–49. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090903</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Coussens A. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology, 2009, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 539–48. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03024.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Daniel T.M., Iversen P.A. Hippocrates and tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis., 2015, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 373–374. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0736</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>DiNardo A.R., Rajapakshe K., Nishiguchi T., Grimm S.L., Mtetwa G., Dlamini Q., Kahari J., Mahapatra S., Kay A., Maphalala G., Mace E.M., Makedonas G., Cirillo J.D., Netea M.G., van Crevel R., Coarfa C., Mandalakas A.M. DNA hypermethylation during tuberculosis dampens host immune responsiveness. J. Clin. Invest., 2020, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 3113–3123. doi: 10.1172/JCI134622</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Donoghue H.D. Paleomicrobiology of human tuberculosis. Microbiol. Spectr., 2016, vol. 4, no. 4. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0003-2014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Du Y., Gao X., Yan J., Zhang H., Cao X., Feng B., He Y., He Y., Guo T., Xin H., Gao L. Relationship between DNA methylation profiles and active tuberculosis development from latent infection: a pilot study in nested case-control design. Microbiol. Spectr., 2022, vol. 10, no. 3. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00586-22</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Dymova M.A., Kinsht V.N., Cherednichenko A.G., Khrapov E.A., Svistelnik A.V., Filipenko M.L. Highest prevalence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype isolates in patients newly diagnosed with tuberculosis in the Novosibirsk oblast, Russian Federation. J. Med. Microbiol., 2011, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 1003–1009. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.027995-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Fadel L., Reho B., Volko J., Bojcsuk D., Kolostyak Z., Nagy G., Müller G., Simandi Z., Hegedüs E., Szabo G., Toth K., Nagy L., Vamosi G. Agonist binding directs dynamic competition among nuclear receptors for heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 2020, vol. 295, no. 29, pp. 10045–10061. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA119.011614</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Glass C.K., Olefsky J.M. Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell Metab., 2012, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 635–645. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Haussler M.R., Whitfield G.K., Kaneko I., Haussler C.A., Hsieh D., Hsieh J.C., Jurutka P.W. Molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action. Calcified Tissue Int., 2013, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 77–98. doi: 10.1007/s00223-012-9619-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hii C.S., Ferrante A. The non-genomic actions of vitamin D. Nutrients, 2016, vol. 8, no. 3: 135. doi: 10.3390/nu8030135</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Hmama Z., Peña-Diaz S., Joseph S., Av-Gay Y. Immunoevasion and immunosuppression of the macrophage by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol. Rev., 2015, vol. 261, no. 1, pp. 220–232. doi: 10.1111/imr.12268</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Hwang D.H., Kim J.A., Lee J.Y. Mechanisms for the activation of Toll-like receptor 2/4 by saturated fatty acids and inhibition by docosahexaenoic acid. Еur. J. Pharmacol., 2016, vol. 785, pp. 24–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang C., Zhu J., Liu Y., Luan X., Jiang Y., Jiang G., Fan J. The methylation state of VDR gene in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. J. Thorac. Dis., 2017, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 4353–4357. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.107</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Jo E.K., Yang C.S., Choi C.H., Harding C.V. Intracellular signalling cascades regulating innate immune responses to Mycobacteria: branching out from Toll-like receptors. Cell Microbiol., 2007, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1087–1098. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00914.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston J.B., Kells P.M., Podust L.M., Ortiz de Montellano P.R. Biochemical and structural characterization of CYP124: a methyl-branched lipid omega-hydroxylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, vol. 106, no. 49, pp. 20687–20692. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907398106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Kaul D., Anand P.K., Verma I. Cholesterol-sensor initiates M. tuberculosis entry into human macrophages. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2004, vol. 258, pp. 219–222. doi: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000012851.42642.be</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Khoo A.L., Chai L.Y., Koenen H.J., Oosting M., Steinmeyer A., Zuegel U., Joosten I., Netea M.G., van der Ven A.J. Vitamin D(3) down-regulates proinflammatory cytokine response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis through pattern recognition receptors while inducing protective cathelicidin production. Cytokine, 2011, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 294–300. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kleinnijenhuis J., Oosting M., Joosten L.A., Netea M.G., Van Crevel R. Innate immune recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2011, vol. 2011. doi: 10.1155/2011/405310</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lipin M.Y., Stepanshina V.N., Shemyakin I.G., Shinnick T.M. Association of specific mutations in katG, rpoB, rpsL and rrs genes with spoligotypes of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Russia. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2007, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 620–626. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01711.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Mahajan S., Dkhar H.K., Chandra V., Dave S., Nanduri R., Janmeja A.K., Agrewala J.N., Gupta P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates macrophage lipid-sensing nuclear receptors PPARγ and TR4 for survival. J. Immunol., 2012, vol. 188, no. 11, pp. 5593–603. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103038</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Masood K.I., Rottenberg M.E., Salahuddin N., Irfan M., Rao N., Carow B., Islam M., Hussain R., Hasan Z. Expression of M. tuberculosis-induced suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, SOCS3, FoxP3 and secretion of IL-6 associates with differing clinical severity of tuberculosis. BMC Infect. Dis., 2013, vol. 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Meyer V., Saccone D.S., Tugizimana F., Asani F.F., Jeffery T.J., Bornman L. Methylation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, together with genetic variation, race, and environment influence the signaling efficacy of the Toll-like receptor 2/1-VDR pathway. Front. Immunol., 2017, vol. 8, no. 1048. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Mihaylova M.M., Shaw R.J. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat. Cell. Biol., 2011, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1016–1023. doi: 10.1038/ncb2329</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Mo S.W., Zhu C.Z., Liu X.Q., Wan H.Q., Li F.X., Deng G.F., Zhang Z.D., Chen X.C. Mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on interleukin-6 receptor 3’-untranslated region methylation in CD4+T cells. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 2022, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 379–386. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20211206-00859</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Naeem M.A., Ahmad W., Tyagi R., Akram Q., Younus M., Liu X. Stealth strategies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for immune evasion. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 2021, vol. 41, pp. 597–616. doi: 10.21775/cimb.041.597</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Norman A.W. Minireview: vitamin D receptor: new assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology, 2006, vol. 147, no. 12, pp. 5542–5548. doi: 10.1210/en.2006-0946</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Nowag A., Hartmann P. Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Internist (Berl.), 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 107–116. doi: 10.1007/s00108-015-0016-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Ogarkov O., Mokrousov I., Sinkov V., Zhdanova S., Antipina S., Savilov E. ‘Lethal’ combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype and human CD209 –336G allele in Russian male population. Infect. Genet. Evol., 2012, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 732–736. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.10.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Park Y.K., Shin S., Ryu S., Cho S.N., Koh W.J., Kwon O.J., Shim Y.S., Lew W.J., Bai G.H. Comparison of drug resistance genotypes between Beijing and non-Beijing family strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Korea. J. Microbiol. Methods, 2005, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 165–172. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.03.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Parks W.C., Wilson C.L., López-Boado Y.S. Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation and innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 617–629. doi: 10.1038/nri1418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Ryan J.W., Anderson P.H., Morris H.A. Pleiotropic activities of vitamin D receptors — adequate activation for multiple health outcomes. Clin. Biochem. Rev., 2015, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 53–61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Saini N.K., Baena A., Ng T.W., Venkataswamy M.M., Kennedy S.C., Kunnath-Velayudhan S., Carreño L.J., Xu J., Chan J., Larsen M.H., Jacobs W.R. Jr., Porcelli S.A. Suppression of autophagy and antigen presentation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS47. Nat. Microbiol., 2016, vol. 1, no. 9. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.133</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Sampson S.L. Mycobacterial PE/PPE proteins at the host-pathogen interface. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2011, vol. 2011. doi: 10.1155/ 2011/497203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Sasindran S.J., Torrelles J.B. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection and Inflammation: what is Beneficial for the Host and for the Bacterium? Front. Microbiol., 2011, vol. 2. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Seth-Vollenweider T., Joshi S., Dhawan P., Sif S., Christakos S. Novel mechanism of negative regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (Cyp24a1) transcription: epigenetic modification involving cross-talk between protein-arginine methyltransferase 5 and the SWI/SNF complex. J. Biol. Chem., 2014, vol. 289, no. 49, pp. 33958–33970. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.583302</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma G., Upadhyay S., Srilalitha M., Nandicoori V.K., Khosla S. The interaction of mycobacterial protein Rv2966c with host chromatin is mediated through non-CpG methylation and histone H3/H4 binding. Nucleic Acids Res., 2015, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 3922–3937. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv261</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Slominski A.T., Kim T.K., Li W., Yi A.K., Postlethwaite A., Tuckey R.C. The role of CYP11A1 in the production of vitamin D metabolites and their role in the regulation of epidermal functions. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2014, vol. 144, pp. 28–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Slominski A.T., Kim T.K., Qayyum S., Song Y., Janjetovic Z., Oak A., Slominski R.M., Raman C., Stefan J., Mier-Aguilar C.A., Atigadda V., Crossman D.K., Golub A., Bilokin Y., Tang E., Chen J.Y., Tuckey R.C., Jetten A.M., Song Y. Vitamin D and lumisterol derivatives can act on liver X receptors (LXRs). Sci. Rep., 2021, vol. 1, no. 1. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87061-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Strong E.J., Ng T.W., Porcelli S.A., Lee S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS20 and PE_PGRS47 Proteins Inhibit Autophagy by Interaction with Rab1A. mSphere, 2021, vol. 6, no. 4. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00549-21</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Thomas S.T., VanderVen B.C., Sherman D.R., Russell D.G., Sampson N.S. Pathway profiling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: elucidation of cholesterol-derived catabolite and enzymes that catalyze its metabolism. J. Biol. Chem., 2011, vol. 286, no. 51, pp. 43668–43678. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.313643</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Thurston T.L., Ryzhakov G., Bloor S., von Muhlinen N., Randow F. The TBK1 adaptor and autophagy receptor NDP52 restricts the proliferation of ubiquitin-coated bacteria. Nat. Immunol., 2009, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1215–1221. doi: 10.1038/ni.1800</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Vasilevskaya A.V., Yantsevich A.V., Sergeev G.V., Lemish A.P., Usanov S.A., Gilep A.A. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme involved in vitamin D and 7-dehydrocholesterol metabolism. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2017, vol. 169, pp. 202–209. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Watson R.O., Bell S.L., MacDuff D.A., Kimmey J.M., Diner E.J., Olivas J., Vance R.E., Stallings C.L., Virgin H.W., Cox J.S. The cytosolic sensor cGAS detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA to induce type I interferons and activate autophagy. Cell Host Microbe, 2015, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 811–819. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Wilson A.S., Power B.E., Molloy P.L. DNA hypomethylation and human diseases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2007, vol. 1775, no. 1, pp. 138–62. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.08.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Wöbke T.K., Sorg B.L., Steinhilber D. Vitamin D in inflammatory diseases. Front. Physiol., 2014, vol. 5: 244. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00244</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Wu Y., Lin X., Song F., Xue D., Wang Y. Vitamin D3 promotes autophagy in THP-1 cells infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exp. Ther. Med., 2022, vol. 23, no. 3: 240. doi:10.3892/etm.2022.11165</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Yuk J.M., Shin D.M., Lee H.M., Yang C.S., Jin H.S., Kim K.K., Lee Z.W., Lee S.H., Kim J.M., Jo E.K. Vitamin D induces autophagy in human monocytes/macrophage via cathelicldin. Cell Host Microbe, 2009, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 231–243. doi: 10.1016/ j.chom.2009.08.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Zink A.R., Sola C., Reischl U., Grabner W., Rastogi N., Wolf H., Nerlich A.G. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 359–367. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
