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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2009</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-MIM-2009</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Maintaining immunological memory to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during COVID-19 pandemic</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Поддержание иммунологической памяти к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 в условиях пандемии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toptygina</surname><given-names>Anna P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топтыгина</surname><given-names>Анна Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Cytokines; Professor, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник, руководитель лаборатории цитокинов; профессор кафедры иммунологии биологического факультета</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afridonova</surname><given-names>Z. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афридонова</surname><given-names>З. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Laboratory of Cytokines</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант лаборатории цитокинов</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakirov</surname><given-names>R. Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закиров</surname><given-names>Р. Ш.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Laboratory Specialist, Centralized Diagnostics Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики централизованной клинико-диагностической лаборатории</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semikina</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семикина</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head Researcher, Head of the Centralized Diagnostics Laboratory; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник, зав. централизованной клинико-диагностической лабораторией; профессор кафедры педиатрии и детской ревматологии</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N.Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВПО Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Autonomous Institution “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ НМИЦ здоровья детей Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-12-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-08-05"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-29"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Toptygina A.P., Afridonova Z.E., Zakirov R.S., Semikina E.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Топтыгина А.П., Афридонова З.Э., Закиров Р.Ш., Семикина Е.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toptygina A.P., Afridonova Z.E., Zakirov R.S., Semikina E.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Топтыгина А.П., Афридонова З.Э., Закиров Р.Ш., Семикина Е.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2009">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2009</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The question on the duration and effectiveness of post-infection vs post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 immunity remains in the focus of numerous studies. The aim of the work was to examine the duration of maintained post-infection and post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 immunity as well as formation of hybrid (vaccination after infection) and breakthrough (repeated disease or disease after vaccination) immunity in the context of an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. 107 adults with mild or moderate COVID-19 3–18 months after the disease and 30 subjects vaccinated twice with the Sputnik V vaccine were examined 1–6 times. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus were determined by ELISA on the “SARS-CoV-2-IgG quantitative-ELISA-BEST” test systems. The antibody avidity was measured by additional incubation with and without denaturing solution. Mononuclear cells were isolated from blood by gradient centrifugation, incubated with and without coronavirus S-protein for 20 hours, stained with fluorescently labeled antibodies, and the percentage of CD8<sup>high</sup>CD107a<sup>+</sup> was counted using FACSCanto II cytometer. It was shown that in the group of convalescent and vaccinated subjects, the level of virus-specific antibodies decreased more deeply in individuals with initially high humoral response, but 9 months later the decrease slowed down and reached a plateau. The antibody avidity rose up to 50% and persisted for 18 months. Cellular immunity in recovered patients did not change for 1.5 years, while in vaccinated patients it gradually decreased 6 months later, but remained at detectable level. After revaccination, a significant increase in the level of antibodies, avidity up to 67.6% and cellular immunity returned to the initial level were noted. Hybrid immunity turned out to be significantly higher than post-infection and post-vaccination immunity. The level of antibodies increased to 1218.2 BAU/ml, avidity — to 69.85%, and cellular immunity — to 9.94%. Breakthrough immunity was significantly higher than that after the first disease. The level of antibodies rose to 1601 BAU/ml, avidity — up to 81.6%, cellular immunity — up to 13.71%. Using dynamic observation of four COVID-19 convalescents, it has been shown that in the context of the ongoing pandemic and active coronavirus mutation, natural boosting occurs both asymptomatically and as a result of a mild re-infection, which prevents disappearance of SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immunity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вопрос о продолжительности и эффективности постинфекционного иммунитета к SARS-CoV-2 и сопоставление его с поствакцинальным остается в центре изучения многих исследователей. Целью работы было исследование продолжительности поддержания постинфекционного и поствакцинального иммунитета к вирусу SARS-CoV-2, а также формирование гибридного (вакцинация после перенесенной инфекции) и прорывного (повторное заболевание или заболевание после вакцинации) иммунитета в условиях продолжающейся пандемии. Обследованы 1–6 раз 107 взрослых, перенесших COVID-19 в легкой или среднетяжелой форме, спустя 3–18 месяцев после заболевания, и 30 человек, привитых двукратно вакциной «Спутник V». Антитела к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 определяли методом ИФА на тест-системах «SARS-CoV-2-IgG количественный-ИФА-БЕСТ». Авидность антител определяли с помощью дополнительной инкубации с денатурирующим раствором и без него. Мононуклеары выделяли из крови методом градиентного центрифугирования, инкубировали с S-белком коронавируса и без него 20 ч, окрашивали флюоресцентно-меченными антителами и подсчитывали процент CD8<sup>high</sup>CD107a<sup>+</sup> на цитометре FACSCanto II. Показано, что в группе переболевших и привитых уровень специфичных к вирусу антител снижался более выражено у лиц с изначально высоким гуморальным ответом, но после 9-и месяцев снижение замедлялось и выходило на плато. Авидность антител поднималась до 50% и сохранялась 18 мес. Клеточный иммунитет у переболевших не менялся на протяжении 1,5 лет, а у привитых постепенно снижался после 6 мес., но оставался на детектируемом уровне. После ревакцинации привитых отмечен значимый подъем уровня антител, авидности до 67,6% и клеточного иммунитета до исходного уровня. Гибридный иммунитет оказался значимо более высоким, чем постинфекционный и поствакцинальный. Уровень антител возрос до 1218,2 BAU/мл, авидность — до 69,85%, а клеточный иммунитет — до 9,94%. Прорывной иммунитет был значимо выше, чем после первого заболевания. Уровень антител поднялся до 1601 BAU/мл, авидность — до 81,6%, клеточный иммунитет — до 13,71%. На примере динамического наблюдения за четырьмя лицами, перенесшими COVID-19, показано, что в условиях продолжающейся пандемии и активной мутации коронавируса происходит естественное бустирование, как бессимптомно, так и в результате легкой повторной инфекции, что препятствует исчезновению гуморального и клеточного иммунитета, специфичного к SARS-CoV-2.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>hybrid immunity</kwd><kwd>cellular immunity</kwd><kwd>breakthrough immunity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>гибридный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>прорывной иммунитет</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. 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