Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and Immunity2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI194810.15789/2220-7619-MHT-1948Research ArticleMalignant human thyroid neoplasms associated with blood parasitic (haemosporidian) infectionTerletskyAlexander<p>PhD (Biology), Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics</p>terletsky@mcb.nsc.ruAkhmerovaLarisa G.<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Перевод">PhD (Biology), Scientific Secretary</pre>terletsky@mcb.nsc.ruInstitute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences240420231322572741605202212022023Copyright © 2023, Terletsky A., Akhmerova L.G.2023<p>A retrospective investigation of archival cytology specimens obtained and verified by a fine-needle aspiration biopsy from patients with follicular, papillary, and medullary human thyroid cancers revealed haemosporidian (blood parasitic) infection in thyrocytes (schizogony) and erythrocytes. The exoerythrocytic stage of infection is represented by finding microschizonts. Cytologic material was stained with RomanowskyGiemsa dye in medical laboratories. Original specimens were stained (re-stained) with Schiff reagent according to the Feulgen method to clarify location of thyrocyte DNA and hemosporidian pathogens, wherein fuchsine was incorporated into DNA molecules after they were hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid to stain specimens into red-violet color. An intentionally unstained hemosporidian protoplasm during blood parasitic infection was observed as a light band around erythrocyte nuclei. In follicular thyroid cancer, thyrocyte Feulgen staining revealed nuclear DNA and parasitic DNA (haemosporidium nuclei) as punctate inclusions and rings diffusely distributed in the thyrocyte cytoplasm. The thyrocyte cytoplasm and nuclei were vacuolated, with thyrocyte nuclei being deformed, flattened, and displaced to the cell periphery. The erythrocytes contained haemosporidian nuclei (DNA). In papillary thyroid cancer, we were able to localize the nuclear DNA of thyrocytes and the parasitic DNA as punctate inclusions diffusely distributed in the thyrocyte cytoplasm. Two or more polymorphic nuclei may be positioned eccentrically in the hyperplastic cytoplasm. Haemosporidian microschizonts were found circumnuclearly in thyrocytes as well as an exoerythrocytic stage in the blood. In medullary thyroid cancer, the hyperplastic cytoplasm of thyrocytes contained eccentrically located nuclei (DNA) of thyrocytes and small haemosporidian nuclei (DNA), which may occupy the whole thyrocyte. There were thyrocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm and prominent nuclear polymorphism. The size of hyperplastic nuclei was several times larger than that of normal thyrocyte nuclei. The color of stained thyrocyte cytoplasmic and nuclear vacuoles was less red-violet compared with that of surrounding tissues, which potentially indicates the presence of parasitic DNA inside them. The intra-erythrocyte nuclear haemosporidian material of varying sizes in papillary and medullary cancers may evidence about various species and/or pathogen generation. Intracellular parasitism of haemosporidian infection in thyrocytes (schizogony) associated with three thyroid cancer types leads to marked thyrocyte cytoplasmic hyperplasia, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and nuclear vacuolization. Multinucleated thyrocytes with incomplete cytokinesis emerge. 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