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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1931</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-CCM-1931</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>CDR1, CDR2, MDR1</italic> and <italic>ERG11</italic> expression in azole resistant <italic>Сandida albicans</italic> isolated from HIV-infected patients in city of Moscow</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспрессия <italic>CDR1, CDR2, MDR1</italic> и <italic>ERG11</italic> у устойчивых к азолам штаммов <italic>Сandida albicans</italic>, выделенных от ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов в городе Москве</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voropaev</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воропаев</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>advoropaev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yekaterinchev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Екатеринчев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>ekaterinchevda@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Urban</surname><given-names>Y. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Урбан</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической микробиологии и биотехнологии</p></bio><email>urbanek@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Full Member, PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Head of the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, д.б.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>vitalyzverev@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nesvizhsky</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Несвижский</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Professor of the Department of Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>nesviz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voropaeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воропаева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Associate Professor, Head Researcher, Head of Medical Biotechnology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., доцент, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель отдела медицинской биотехнологии</p></bio><email>voropaevaea2011@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Likhanskaya</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лиханская</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Microbiology and Prophylaxis of Intestinal Infections, Gabrichevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., руководитель лаборатории микробиологии и профилактики кишечных инфекций</p></bio><email>lihanskaya.ei@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasiev</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьев</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Clinical Allergology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры клинической аллергологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>nesviz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasiev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, главный научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>afanasievss409.4@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiologyor epidemiology and microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-06-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>929</fpage><lpage>937</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-04-19"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Voropaev A.D., Yekaterinchev D.A., Urban Y.N., Zverev V.V., Nesvizhsky Y.V., Voropaeva E.A., Likhanskaya E.I., Afanasiev M.S., Afanasiev S.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Воропаев А.Д., Екатеринчев Д.А., Урбан Ю.Н., Зверев В.В., Несвижский Ю.В., Воропаева Е.А., Лиханская Е.И., Афанасьев М.С., Афанасьев С.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voropaev A.D., Yekaterinchev D.A., Urban Y.N., Zverev V.V., Nesvizhsky Y.V., Voropaeva E.A., Likhanskaya E.I., Afanasiev M.S., Afanasiev S.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Воропаев А.Д., Екатеринчев Д.А., Урбан Ю.Н., Зверев В.В., Несвижский Ю.В., Воропаева Е.А., Лиханская Е.И., Афанасьев М.С., Афанасьев С.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1931">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1931</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Candida</italic> fungi are common opportunistic microorganisms capable of causing infections of various localization, as well as life-threatening conditions in immunocompromised patients, such as HIV-infected individuals, oncology patients, subjects undergoing HSCT, which number has been steadily increasing in recent years. In addition, resistance to anti-fungal drugs has been spreading as well. Naturally sensitive to azoles, <italic>C. albicans</italic> possess a variety of mechanisms of acquired resistance, including efflux transporters and target protein-encoding gene amplification. This study was conducted to assess a prevalence of such mechanisms in the isolates sample obtained from HIV-infected patients in the Moscow region of the Russian Federation, characterize a relationship between these mechanisms and patterns of developing drug resistance. 18 strains of <italic>C. albicans</italic> resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole were isolated from HIV-infected patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis in the Moscow region. The expression levels of the <italic>ERG11</italic>, <italic>MDR1</italic>, <italic>CDR1</italic>, <italic>CDR2</italic> genes involved in the formation of acquired azole resistance were measured using quantitative PCR, the –2ΔΔCT method with <italic>ACT</italic> and <italic>PMA</italic> genes as control genes and reference values of sensitive isolates. Expression levels exceeding the average values of sensitive isolates by more than 3 standard deviations were considered significantly elevated. In most of the isolates, elevated levels of <italic>CDR1</italic> and <italic>CDR2</italic> gene expression were found: 89% and 78%, respectively. The expression level of the <italic>MDR1</italic> gene was increased only in 28% of cases. <italic>ERG11</italic> expression levels were significantly elevated in 78% of the isolates. Expression levels of all resistance genes studied were significantly increased in 4 strains. In this sample of <italic>C. albicans</italic> isolates, acquired resistance is mainly associated with efflux vectors encoded by the <italic>CDR1</italic> and <italic>CDR2</italic> genes. Also, in most isolates, an increased expression level for the azole target protein gene — <italic>ERG11</italic> was detected. The expression level of the efflux transporter gene <italic>MDR1</italic> was increased in the smallest number of samples. It is also impossible to exclude a potential role of other mechanisms in developing acquired resistance, such as mutations in the <italic>ERG11</italic> gene. It can be assumed that the identified mechanisms of resistance result from long-term, widespread, and sometimes uncontrolled use of azoles, including those in treatment and prevention of candidiasis in HIV-infected patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Грибы рода <italic>Candida</italic> — повсеместно распространенные оппортунисты человека, способные вызывать инфекции различной локализации, а также угрожающие жизни состояния у иммунокомпрометированных пациентов, число которых в последние годы неуклонно растет. Это ВИЧ-инфицированные, пациенты с различными онкологическими заболеваниями и пациенты, перенесшие трансплантацию гемопоэтических стволовых клеток. Кроме того, распространяется устойчивость к противогрибковым препаратам. Природно-чувствительные к азолам <italic>Candida albicans</italic> обладают разнообразными механизмами приобретенной устойчивости, включая эффлюксные переносчики и амплификацию гена белка-мишени. Данное исследование проводилось с целью оценить распространенность данных механизмов в выборке изолятов, выделенных от ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов в Московском регионе Российской Федерации, охарактеризовать взаимосвязь данных механизмов и закономерности развития устойчивости. 18 устойчивых к флуконазолу и вориконазолу штаммов <italic>C. albicans</italic> были выделены от ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов с рецидивирующим орофарингеальным кандидозом, находящихся на лечении в ГБУЗ ИКБ № 2 ДЗМ. Уровни экспрессии генов <italic>ERG11, MDR1, CDR1, CDR2</italic>, участвующих в формировании приобретенной устойчивости к азолам были измерены с помощью количественной полимеразной цепной реакции, метода –2ΔΔCT с генами <italic>ACT</italic> и <italic>PMA</italic> в качестве контрольных генов и референсных значений чувствительных изолятов. Уровни экспрессии выше средних значений чувствительных изолятов более чем на 3 стандартных отклонения считались достоверно повышенными. У большей части изолятов обнаружены повышенные уровни экспрессии генов <italic>CDR1</italic> и <italic>CDR2</italic>: 89 и 78% соответственно. Уровень экспрессии гена <italic>MDR1</italic> был повышен только в 28% случаев. Уровни экспрессии <italic>ERG11</italic> были достоверно повышенными у 78% изолятов. У 4 штаммов были значительно повышены уровни экспрессии всех исследуемых генов устойчивости. В данной выборке изолятов <italic>C. albicans</italic> приобретенная устойчивость в основном связана с эффлюксными переносчиками, кодируемыми генами <italic>CDR1</italic> и <italic>CDR2</italic>. Также, у большинства изолятов выявлен повышенный уровень экспрессии гена белка-мишени азолов — <italic>ERG11</italic>. Уровень экспрессии гена эффлюксного переносчика <italic>MDR1</italic> был повышен в наименьшем числе образцов. Нельзя также исключать вероятную роль других механизмов приобретенной устойчивости, таких как мутации в гене <italic>ERG11</italic>. Можно предположить, что выявленные механизмы устойчивости являются следствием длительного, широкого, а порой и бесконтрольного применения азолов, в том числе для лечения и профилактики кандидозов в группе ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Candida albicans</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>fluconazole</kwd><kwd>ERG11</kwd><kwd>CDR1</kwd><kwd>CDR2</kwd><kwd>MDR1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Candida albicans</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>флуконазол</kwd><kwd>ERG11</kwd><kwd>CDR1</kwd><kwd>CDR2</kwd><kwd>MDR1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id>121021000287-0</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Беженар М.Б., Плахова К.И. Механизмы развития резистентности к противогрибковым препаратам грибов рода Candida при рецидивирующем течении урогенитального кандидоза // Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология. 2020. 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