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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1917</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-OFC-1917</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Opportunities for correction of immunosuppression in patients with COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Возможности коррекции иммуносупрессивных состояний у больных COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-167X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselevskiy</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселевский</surname><given-names>Михаил Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Professor, Biomedical Engineering Research and Education Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией клеточного иммунитета НИИ экспериментальной диагностики и терапии опухолей, профессор Научно-образовательного центра биомедицинской инженерии</p></bio><email>kisele@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-3958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Treshalina</surname><given-names>H. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трещалина</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Research Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточного иммунитета НИИ экспериментальной диагностики и терапии опухолей</p></bio><email>treshalina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7659-6045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Department of Biotherapy, N.N. Trapeznikov Research Institute of Clinical Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отделения биотерапии НИИ клинической онкологии им. Н.Н. Трапезникова</p></bio><email>irmikhaylova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Martirosyan</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартиросян</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Medical Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 6 курса лечебного факультета</p></bio><email>16710@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-5484</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Chief Physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., главный врач</p></bio><email>irina.v.manina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2821-3425</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетникова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Engineering Science), Researcher, Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Research Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточного иммунитета НИИ экспериментальной диагностики и терапии опухолей</p></bio><email>veravr@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9694-5687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor of Department of Organization and Management in the Sphere of Medicines Circulation, Chief of the Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры организации и управления в сфере обращения лекарственных средств, зав. лабораторией экспериментальной и клинической фармакологии</p></bio><email>immunopharmacology@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСИС»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Allergology and Clinical Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО Институт аллергологии и клинической иммунологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ НМИЦ детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дм. Рогачева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>651</fpage><lpage>658</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Kiselevskiy M.V., Treshalina H.M., Mikhailova I.N., Martirosyan D.V., Manina I.V., Reshetnikova V.V., Kozlov I.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Киселевский М.В., Трещалина Е.М., Михайлова И.Н., Мартиросян Д.В., Манина И.В., Решетникова В.В., Козлов И.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiselevskiy M.V., Treshalina H.M., Mikhailova I.N., Martirosyan D.V., Manina I.V., Reshetnikova V.V., Kozlov I.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселевский М.В., Трещалина Е.М., Михайлова И.Н., Мартиросян Д.В., Манина И.В., Решетникова В.В., Козлов И.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1917">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1917</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Here, we review thematic publications in available literature sources of the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary, 49 of which were dated of the years 1997–2022. Analysis of such reports is aimed at assessing features of cytokine storm-induced hyperinflammatory reaction with signs of immunosuppression accompanied by pronounced lymphopenia and lowered count of CD4<sup>+</sup>T helpers during severe COVID-19. The prognostic factor for unfavorable prognosis was based on the marker of systemic inflammatory reaction correlating with the disease severity — the soluble IL-2 receptor as well as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and the lymphocyte subset imbalance. An immunosuppressive therapy of severe forms of COVID-19, aimed at weakening the inflammatory response, exacerbates immune dysfunction by suppressing the T cell function, mainly due to Th1 lymphocytes involved in recognizing and eliminating intracellular pathogens particularly viruses. Upon that, cell-mediated immunity becomes compromised that relies on cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages. Timely and targeted immunocorrection is required to prevent or reduce the immunosuppression that accompanies a severe disease course and leads to serious and prolonged complications, as well as to association of secondary infections. In fight against the cytokine storm, it is important not to miss a time point of developing immunosuppressive condition that transitions into immunoparalysis as follows from recent publications covering the tactics of treating immune-mediated complications of coronavirus infection. The review discusses opportunities for immunosuppressive therapy along with glucocorticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies blocking IL-6 or cognate receptors. Studies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to reduce systemic inflammatory response at COVID-19 are outlined in the review. The use of antigen-specific Treg and their combinations with antagonists of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ) as well as low-dose IL-2 in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed. The prognostic perspectives for CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells technology have been considered as novel therapeutic approaches aimed at “training” effector cells to recognize the surface SARS-CoV-2 virus spike-like (S) protein. The feasibility of a therapeutic approach is also emphasized by comparatively analyzed of efficacy of using IL-7 or IL-15 during lymphopenia in patients with COVID-19. Here, side effects complicating immunocorrection come to the fore. Critical evaluation of corrected immunosuppressive conditions in patients with COVID-19 in the post-COVID-19 period by using low-dose IL-2 therapy revealed its ability to repair cellular immune response. As a result, a low-dose IL-2 therapy is recommended as a cytokine replacement therapy in such patients with COVID-19 during hyper-to-hypo-inflammatory phase transition in immune response.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор выполнен посредством поиска тематической информации среди доступных источников литературы в базах данных Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary, 49 из которых (1997–2022 гг. издания) вошли в данный обзор. Анализ этих работ направлен на особенности индуцированной цитокиновым штормом гипервоспалительной реакции с признаками иммуносупрессии, сопровождающейся выраженной лимфопенией со снижением количества CD4<sup>+</sup> Т-хелперов при тяжелом течении COVID-19. Прогностическим фактором неблагоприятного прогноза служит коррелирующий с тяжестью заболевания маркер системной воспалительной реакции — растворимый рецептор IL-2, а также соотношение нейтрофилов к лимфоцитам и дисбаланс субпопуляций лимфоцитов. Направленная на ослабление воспалительной реакции иммуносупрессивная терапия тяжелых форм COVID-19 усугубляет иммунную дисфункцию, подавляя Т-клеточный ответ, в основном, за счет Th1 лимфоцитов, участвующих в идентификации и элиминации внутриклеточных патогенов, в частности вирусов. При этом страдает клеточно-опосредованный иммунитет, который обеспечивают цитотоксические Т-лимфоциты, натуральные киллеры и макрофаги. Для предупреждения или ослабления иммуносупрессии, сопровождающей тяжелое течение и приводящей к серьезным и длительным осложнениям, а также к присоединению вторичных инфекций, необходима своевременная и адресная иммунокоррекция. В борьбе с цитокиновым штормом важно не упустить момент развития иммуносупрессивного состояния, переходящего в иммунопаралич, что следует из последних публикаций, освещающих тактику лечения иммуноопосредованных осложнений коронавирусной инфекции. В обзоре рассмотрены возможности иммуносупрессивной терапии, помимо глюкокортикостероидов и моноклональных антител, блокирующих IL-6 или его рецепторы. Приведены примеры работ с использованием мезенхимальных стволовых клеток (МСК) для снижения системной воспалительной реакции при COVID-19. Подвергнуто анализу применение антиген-специфических Treg и их сочетаний с антагонистами фактора некроза опухолей α (TNFα), интерферона γ (IFNγ) и с низкими дозами IL-2 у пациентов с SARS-CoV-2-инфекцией. Прогностические перспективы технологии CAR-Т-клеток и CAR-NK-клеток рассмотрены в плане новых терапевтических подходов, нацеленных на «обучение» эффекторных клеток распознавать поверхностный шиповидный (S) белок вируса SARS-CoV-2. Целесообразность иммунокоррегирующей терапии подчеркивается также сравнительным анализом эффективности IL-7 или IL-15 у пациентов с COVID-19 с иммуносупрессией. Критическая оценка коррекции иммуносупрессивных состояний у пациентов с COVID-19 в постковидный период с помощью низкодозной терапии препаратами IL-2 позволила выявить ее способность восстанавливать клеточный иммунный ответ. В результате в качестве заместительной цитокиновой терапии у этих пациентов, при переходе от гипервоспалительной к гиповоспалительной фазе иммунного ответа, может быть рекомендована низкодозная IL-2 терапия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>cytokine storm</kwd><kwd>T-cell response</kwd><kwd>immunocorrection therapy</kwd><kwd>IL-2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>цитокиновый шторм</kwd><kwd>Т-клеточный ответ</kwd><kwd>иммунокорригирующая терапия</kwd><kwd>IL-2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Киселевский М.В., Ситдикова С.М., Абдуллаев А.Г., Шляпников С.А., Чикилева И.О. 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