<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">189</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2014-3-284-292</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOR THE PRACTICAL PHYSICIANS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>В ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОМУ ВРАЧУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">CRYOGLOBULINEMIC VASCULITIS ASSOCIATED WITH HBV INFECTION: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND LITERATURE REVIEW</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>КРИОГЛОБУЛИНЕМИЧЕСКИЙ ВАСКУЛИТ, АССОЦИИРОВАННЫЙ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ ГЕПАТИТОМ В: КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ И ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dunaeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дунаева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Division of Experimental and Clinical Investigations,Research Institute for Influenza</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник отделения экспериментально-клинических исследованийФГБУ НИИ гриппа МЗ РФ</p></bio><email>nvch@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Division of Experimental and Clinical Investigations, Research Institute for Influenza</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник отделения экспериментально-клинических исследованийФГБУ НИИ гриппа МЗ РФ</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stukov</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стуков</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней взрослых и эпидемиологии СПбГПМУ</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karev</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карев</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Pathomorphology, Research Institute for Children’s Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. лабораторией патоморфологии ФГБУ НИИ детских инфекций ФМБА России</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazing</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазинг</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Center for Molecular Medicine, St. Petersburg First Pavlov State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н, ведущий научный сотрудник НМЦ по молекулярной медицине МЗ РФ ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lerner</surname><given-names>M. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лернер</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor-Laboratory Assistant, Laboratory of Diagnostics of Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, St. Petersburg First Pavlov State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-лаборант лаборатории диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний НМЦ по молекулярной медицине МЗ РФ ПСПбГМУ им.акад.И.П.Павлова</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Diagnostics of Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine, St. Petersburg First Pavlov State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., заведующий лабораторией диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний НМЦ по молекулярной медицине МЗ РФ ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>Areg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>Арег А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Corresponding Member of the RAMS, Deputy Director on Science, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАМН, зам. директора по науке ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Influenza, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ НИИ гриппа МЗ РФ, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский Государственный педиатрический медицинский университет, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Children’s Infections, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ НИИ детских инфекций ФМБА, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg First Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова,&#13;
Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>284</fpage><lpage>292</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2014-08-15"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2014-08-15"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2014, Dunaeva N.V., Nikitina O.E., Stukov B.V., Karev V.E., Mazing A.V., Lerner M.Y., Lapin S.V., Totolian A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2014, Дунаева Н.В., Никитина О.Е., Стуков Б.В., Карев В.Е., Мазинг А.В., Лернер М.Ю., Лапин С.В., Тотолян А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dunaeva N.V., Nikitina O.E., Stukov B.V., Karev V.E., Mazing A.V., Lerner M.Y., Lapin S.V., Totolian A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дунаева Н.В., Никитина О.Е., Стуков Б.В., Карев В.Е., Мазинг А.В., Лернер М.Ю., Лапин С.В., Тотолян А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/189">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/189</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Description of two clinical cases of chronic HBV hepatitis at cirrhotic stage associated with type III cryoglobulinemia manifested with symptoms of systemic vasculitis is presented in current article. There were no signs of HCV infection in both patients. In first case cutaneous vasulitis appeared after 19 years since serological finding of HBsAg and vasculitis progressed despite steroid therapy. Initiation of antiviral therapy (entecavir 0.5 g/day) induced transient remission. After interruption of antiviral therapy vasculitis reappeared with several vasculitic ulcers on lower legs. Mild improvement of vasculitis was noted after repeated plasmapheresis, steroid and cytostatic treatment with addition of lamivudin. Despite therapy reactivation of HBV infection was detected. Lamivudin was changed to entecavir and rituximab was given in two 500 mg infusions. Combined antiviral and anti-CD20 treatment induced remission of cutaneous vasculitis and healing of leg ulcers. In other case vasculitis manifested after 21 years since detection of HBsAg with cutaneous purpura, arthritis and microhematuria. Entecavir 0.5 g/day induced rapid virological response and complete remission of symptoms related to vasculitis. Similar literature cases were reviewed and available treatment options in refractory cryoglobulinemic vasculitis were discussed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлено описание двух случаев выявления криоглобулинемии III типа с манифестацией в виде криоглобулинемического васкулита у пациенток с хроническим гепатитом В в цирротической стадии. Ни в одном из наблюдений лабораторных признаков HCV-инфекции выявлено не было. У первой пациентки васкулит с поражением сосудов кожи, суставов дебютировал через 19 лет после документального выявления гепатита В. В течение трех лет активность васкулита нарастала, несмотря на пероральный прием преднизолона. Назначение энтекавира в дозе 0,5 г/сут привело к ремиссии заболевания. После самостоятельного прекращения терапии (длившейся всего 6 месяцев), васкулит вновь обострился, образовались криоглобулинемические язвы голеней. Применение плазмофереза, цитостатиков, глюкокортикоидов под прикрытием ламивудина частично временно уменьшило кожные проявления васкулита, но HBV-инфекция активировалась, и активность васкулита снова начала нарастать. Была произведена замена ламивудина на энтекавир, выполнены две инфузии ритуксимаба по 500 мг. На этом фоне новые высыпания прекратились, язвы мелкие зажили,крупные перешли в стадию рубцевания. У второй пациентки васкулит с поражением сосудов кожи, суставов, начальными признаками поражения почек (микрогематурией), дебютировал через 21 год после документального выявления гепатита В. Назначение энтекавира в дозе 0,5 г/сут в качестве первой линии терапии привело к ремиссии заболевания, сохраняющейся до настоящего момента. В обсуждении представленных наблюдений приводится анализ литературных данных о подходах к терапии данной категории пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryoglobulinemia</kwd><kwd>cryoglobulinemic vasculitis</kwd><kwd>hepatitis B</kwd><kwd>treatment of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криоглобулинемия</kwd><kwd>криоглобулинемический васкулит</kwd><kwd>гепатит В</kwd><kwd>лечение криоглобулинемического васкулита.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Дунаева Н.В. Клинико-морфологическая характеристика гломерулонефритов у больных хроническим гепатитом С: дис. ... канд. мед. наук. В. Новгород, 2008. 146 с. [Dunaeva N.V. Kliniko-morfologicheskaya kharakteristika glomerulonefritov u bol`nykh khronicheskim gepatitom S: dis. ... kand. med. nauk [Dunaeva N.V. Clinical and morphological characteristics of гломерулонефритов in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Cand. Med. Sci. Diss.]. V. Novgorod, 2008, 146 p.].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Дунаева Н.В. Противовирусная терапия хронического гепатита С, осложненного развитием криоглобулинемии с поражением почек (клинические примеры) // Актуальные вопросы социально-значимых инфекций: материалы 10-й юбилейной российско-итальянской конф. В. Новгород, 2011. С. 87–94. [Dunaeva N.V. Protivovirusnaya terapiya khronicheskogo gepatita S, oslozhnionnogo razvitiem krioglobulinemii s porazheniem pochek (klinicheskie primery) [Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C, complicated by the development of cryoglobulinemia with renal damage (clinical case reports)] Aktual’nye voprosy sotsial’no-znachimykh infektsiy: materialy 10-y yubileynoy rossiysko-ital’yanskoy konf. [Materials of the 10th anniversary of the Russian-Italian conference «Topical issues of socially significant infections»]. V. Novgorod, 2011, pp. 87–94.].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Дунаева Н.В., Неустроева Ю.А., Тихомирова Т.А., Сысоев К.А., Алексеева Н.П., Лапин С.В., Эсауленко Е.В., Добронравов В.А., Чухловин А.Б., Тотолян Арег А. Распространенность и факторы риска развития криоглобулинемии, ассоциированной с хроническим гепатитом С // Медицинская иммунология. 2007. Т. 9, № 6. С. 575–580. [Dunaeva N.V., Neustroeva Yu.A., Tikhomirova T.A., Sysoev K.A., Alekseeva N.P., Lapin S.V., Esaulenko E.V., Dobronravov V.A., Chukhlovin A.B., Totolyan Areg A. Rasprostranennost` i faktory riska razvitiya krioglobulinemii, assotsiirovannoy s khronicheskim gepatitom S [Prevalence and risk factors in development of chronic hepatitis C-associated cryoglobulinemia]. Meditsinskaya immunologiya = Medical Immunology, 2007, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 575–580.].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Дунаева Н.В., Эсауленко Е.В. Криоглобулинемия и вирус гепатита С // Журнал инфектологии. 2011. Т. 3, № 2. С. 15–20. [Dunaeva N.V., Esaulenko E.V. Krioglobulinemiya i virus gepatita S [Cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus]. Zhurnal Infektologii = Journal of Infectology, 2011, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 15–20.].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Неустроева Ю.А., Тихомирова Т.А., Дунаева Н.В., Лапин С.В., Тотолян А.А. Оптимизация полуколичественного метода выявления криоглобулинов в условиях клинико-диагностической лаборатории // Клин. лаб. диагностика. 2007. № 1. С. 37–41. [Neustroeva Yu.A., Tikhomirova T.A., Dunaeva N.V., Lapin S.V., Totolian A.A. Optimizatsiya polukolichestvennogo metoda vyyavleniya krioglobulinov v usloviyakh kliniko-diagnosticheskoy laboratorii [Optimization of semiquantitative method for detection of cryoglobulins under the conditions of a clinical diagnostic laboratory]. Klinicheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika = Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 2007, no. 1, pp. 37–41.].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Фрейдлин И.С., Тотолян А.А. Клетки иммунной системы III–V. М.: Наука, 2001. 390 с. [Freydlin I.S., Totolian A.A. Kletki immunnoy sistemy III–V [Cells of the immune system III–V]. Moskow: Nauka, 2001, 390 p.].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Almirall J., Amengual M.J., Lopez T., Andreu X., Oristrell J., Sala M., Luelmo J., Dalmau B. Type II essential mixed cryoglobulinemia and renal disease. Hepatitis C virus association. Nefrologia, 2002, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 531–539.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Barone M., Licinio R., Amoruso A., Viggiani M.T., Larocca A.M.V., Di Leo A. Lesson from an intriguing case of cryoglobulinemia. World J. Gastroenterol., 2013, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 304–306.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Boglione L., D’Avolio A., Cariti G., Di Perri G. Telbivudine in the treatment of hepatitis B-associated cryoglobulinemia. J. Clin. Virol., 2013, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 167–169.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Bouhsain S., Ouzzedoun N., Tellal S., Dami A., Biaz A., Elmechtani S., Kazmouhi L., Derouiche M., Mikdame M. Kidney vasculitis connected to cryoglobulinemia IIA and hepatitis B. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 2007, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 643–646.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. akir N., Pamuk ., mit H., Midilli K. Successful treatment with adefovir of the one patient whose cryoglobulinemic vasculitis relapsed under lamivudine therapy and who was diagnosed to have HBV virologic breakthrough with YMDD mutations. Internal Medicine, 2006, vol. 45, pp. 1213–1215.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Castillo J.R., Kirchner E., Farver C., Calabrese L.H. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis in a person with HIV infection. AIDS Read, 2005, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 252–255.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. D’Amico E., Pace-Palitti V., Di Lembo E., Palazzi C. Successful treatment of hepatitis B virus infection and related cryoglobulinaemic purpura with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2013, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 155.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. D’Amico G., Fornasieri A. Cryoglobulinemia. Therapy in nephrology and hypertension: a companion to Brenner and Rector’s The kidney. Ed. by Brady H.R., Wilcox C.S. W.B. Saunders Company, 1999, Chap. 18, pp. 125–129.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Enomoto M., Nakanishi T., Ishii M., Tamori A., Kawada N. Entecavir to treat hepatitis B-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Ann. Intern. Med., 2008, vol. 149, no. 12, pp. 912–913.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Enriquez R., Sirvent A.E., Andrada E., Escolano C., Rodriquez J.C., Millan I., Gutierrez F., Amoros F. Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis in chronic hepatitis B infection. Ren Fail., 2010, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 518–522.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Filer A., Hughes A., Kane K., Mutimer D., Jobanputra P. Successful treatment of hepatitis B-associated vasculitis using lamivudine as the sole therapeutic agent. Rheumatology, 2001, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 1064–1065.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Foessel L., Besancenot J.F., Blaison G., Magy-Bertrand N., Jaussaud R., Etienne Y., Maurier F., Audia S., Martin T. Clinical spectrum, treatment, and outcome of patients with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia without evidence of hepatitis C infection. J. Rheumatol., 2011, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 716–722.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Hanbali A., Khaled Y. Incidence of hepatitis B reactivation following rituximab therapy. Am. J. Hematol., 2009, vol. 84, p. 195.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Kawakami T., Ooka S., Mizoguchi M., Soma Y., Yamazaki M. Remission of hepatitis B virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis with entecavir. Ann. Intern. Med., 2008, vol. 149, no. 12, pp. 911–912.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Kosmas N., Kontos A., Panayiotakopoulos G., Dimitrakopoulos A., Kordossis T. Decreased prevalence of mixed cryoglobulinemia in the HAART era among HIV-positive, HCV-negative patients. J. Med. Virol., 2006, vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 1257–1261.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Leclercq P., Frippiat F., Lambermont B. Cotrimoxazole induced mixed type II cryoglobulinemia. Eur. J. Intern. Med., 2008, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 303–304.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Loomba R., Rowley A., Wesley R., Liang T.J., Hoofnagle J.H., Pucino. F., Csako G. Systematic review: the effect of preventive lamivudine on hepatitis B reactivation during chemotherapy. Ann. Intern. Med., 2008, vol. 148, no. 7, pp. 519–528.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Mascia M.T., Ferrari D., Campioli D., Sandri G., Mussini C., Ferri C. Non HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Digestive and liver disease, 2007, vol. 39, Suppl 1, pp. 61–64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Pasquet F., Combarnous F., MacGregor B., Coppere B., Nausservey C., Ninet J., Hot A. Safety and efficacy of rituximab treatment for vasculitis in hepatitis B virus-associated type II cryoglobulinemia: a case report. J. Med. Case Reports, 2012, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Rizos E., Dimos G., Liberopoulos E.N., Elisaf M.S., Drosos A.A. Cryoglobulinemic purpura in visceral leishmaniasis. Rheumatol. Int., 2005, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 469–471.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Saadoun D., Asselah T., Resche-Rigon M., Charlotte F., Bedossa P., Valla D., Piette J.C., Marcellin P., Cacoub P. Cryoglobulinemia is associated with steatosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2006, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1337–1345.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Sawabe T., Uenotsuchi T., Imafuku S., Kohno H., Arima J., Horiuchi T. Remission of hepatitis B virus-related vasculitis with lamivudine. Ann. Intern. Med., 2004, vol. 140, no. 8, pp. 672–673.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Scotto G., Cibelli D.C., Saracino A., Prato R., Palumbo E., Fazio V., Scarabaggio T., Monno L., Angarano G. Cryoglobulinemia in subjects with HCV infection alone, HIV infection and HCV/HIV coinfection. J. Infection, 2006, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 294–299.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Stecevic V., Pevzner M.M., Gordon S.C. Successful treatment of hepatitis B-associated vasculitis with lamivudine. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2003, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 451.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Trejo O., Ramos-Casals M., Lopez-Guillermo A., Garcia-Carrasco M., Yagie J., Cervera R., Font J., Ingelmo M. Hematologic malignancies in patients with cryoglobulinemia: association with autoimmune and chronic viral diseases. Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 2003, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 19–28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Tsutsumi Y., Tanaka J., Kawamura T., Miura T., Kanamori H., Obara S., Asaka M., Imamura M., Masauzi N. Possible efficacy of lamivudine treatment to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation due to rituximab therapy in a patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann. Hematol., 2004, vol. 83, pp. 58–60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Von Wagner M., Zeuzem S. Prevention and therapy of reactivation of hepatitis B in immunosuppressed patients. Dtsch Med. Wochenschr., 2009, vol. 134, no. 6, pp. 255–258.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Wintrobe M., Buell M. Hyperproteinemia associated with multiple myeloma. With report of a case in with anextraordinary hyperproteinemia was associated with thrombosis of the retinal veins and symptoms suggesting Raynaud’s disease. Bulletin of the John Hopkins Hospital, 1933, vol. 52, pp. 156–165.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
