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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1826</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-RAR-1826</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Rhino- and RS-viruses in the COVID-19 pandemic</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рино- и РС-вирусы в пандемию COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-9873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>Ирина Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of General Virology, Professor, Department of Fundamental Problems of Medicine and Medical technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией общей вирусологии, профессор кафедры фундаментальных проблем медицины и медицинских технологий</p></bio><email>irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4532-6210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ksenafontov</surname><given-names>Andrew D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ксенафонтов</surname><given-names>Андрей Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>ksenandrey@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ НИИ гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>624</fpage><lpage>638</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-20"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Kiseleva I.V., Ksenafontov A.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Киселева И.В., Ксенафонтов А.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiseleva I.V., Ksenafontov A.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселева И.В., Ксенафонтов А.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1826">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1826</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Acute respiratory viral infections are distributed across the globe and are the most numerous human diseases caused by several hundreds of diverse viruses. Human rhinovirus is one of the most common respiratory pathogens worldwide, causing more than half of all acute respiratory viral infection cases. Seasonal human coronaviruses account for 10–15% of common cold cases; respiratory syncytial (RS) virus is the most common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants; influenza viruses, adenoviruses, human parainfluenza virus, metapneumoviruses, and some other pathogens are also widespread. It is believed that viral common colds are mostly self-limited, causing mild infections that usually resolve within 8–10 days. However, the role of common seasonal respiratory viruses in total respiratory morbidity should not be underestimated. It turned out that during extraordinary conditions of pandemics, they behave differently. This was clearly demonstrated in the last 2009 influenza pandemic. Whereas some viruses lost relevance under the burden of a new aggressive pandemic strain, others, e.g., rhinovirus, continued to fight for existence and not only circulated along with the pandemic pathogen, but delayed its spread in some cases. For instance, the data from some European countries pointed out that the circulation of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A pandemic virus was interrupted by the annual rhinovirus outbreak. Ten years after the H1N1pdm09 influenza pandemic, a new virus outbreak emerged — the COVID-19 pandemic has begun. This pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has disrupted well-established pathogenetic and epidemiological relationships. The level of circulation of many respiratory pathogens has changed dramatically. For instance, global influenza activity has been at a much lower level than expected for the second year from now. In many regions of the world, the flu season has not been started yet. But what is interesting is that rhinoviruses together with RS-virus again showed their unique ability to compete with highly pathogenic and aggressive pathogens. Along with profoundly reduced circulation of many other seasonal respiratory viruses, rhinovirus, and RS-virus are the most frequently detected viruses. In this review, we have brought together the main biological characteristics of such genetically distinct viruses such as rhinovirus, influenza A virus, RS-virus, and SARS-CoV-2. We focused on their main similarities and discrepancies in the attempt to understand why they behave so differently in extreme pandemic conditions as well as what allows rhinoviruses and RS-viruses to coexist with SARS-CoV-2, which in turn almost fully replaced the influenza virus.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции являются самыми многочисленными заболеваниями человека, с развитием которых связывают несколько сотен различных вирусов. Один из наиболее распространенных на планете респираторных патогенов — это риновирус человека, который является причиной более половины всех случаев острых респираторных вирусных инфекций; на долю сезонных коронавирусов человека приходится 10–15% простудных заболеваний; респираторно-синцитиальный (РС) вирус — наиболее частая причина госпитализации младенцев с респираторными заболеваниями; также широко распространены вирусы гриппа, аденовирусы, вирус парагриппа человека и метапневмовирусы. Считается, что вирусные простудные заболевания — это в основном самостоятельно купирующиеся, легко протекающие инфекции, которые обычно проходят в течение 8–10 дней. Однако не стоит недооценивать роль обычных сезонных респираторных вирусов в общей массе респираторных патогенов. Оказалось, что в экстраординарных условиях пандемий они ведут себя по-разному. Это было очень четко продемонстрировано в последнюю пандемию гриппа 2009 г. Если одни вирусы под гнетом агрессивного пандемического штамма сдали свои позиции, то другие, и ярким тому примером может служить риновирус, — продолжали активно бороться за существование и не только циркулировали наравне с пандемическим патогеном, но и в ряде случаев задерживали его распространение. Так происходило, например, в ряде европейских стран, где наступление пандемического вируса гриппа H1N1pdm09 было приостановлено начавшейся ежегодной осенней вспышкой риновирусной инфекции. Спустя десять лет от начала пандемии гриппа H1N1pdm09 разразилась пандемия COVID-19, вызванная новым коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2. Эта пандемия нарушила устоявшиеся эпидемиологические и патогенетические взаимосвязи. Уровень циркуляции многих респираторных патогенов значительно изменился. Например, глобальная активность гриппа уже второй год находится на гораздо более низком уровне, чем ожидалось. Во многих регионах мира сезон гриппа так и не начался. Но что интересно: риновирусы, а с ними и РС-вирус, снова проявили свою уникальную способность конкурировать с высокопатогенными и агрессивными возбудителями. При значительном сокращении циркуляции многих сезонных респираторных вирусов, именно риновирус и РС-вирус оказались наиболее часто обнаруживаемыми вирусами. В настоящем обзоре мы свели воедино основные биологические характеристики таких генетически удаленных вирусов, как риновирус, вирус гриппа А, РС-вирус и SARS-CoV-2, в попытке понять, что их объединяет и разделяет, почему так по-разному они ведут себя в экстремальных пандемических условиях и что позволяет риновирусам и РС-вирусам сосуществовать с SARS-CoV-2, который, в свою очередь, почти полностью вытеснил вирус гриппа.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>acute respiratory viral infections</kwd><kwd>influenza</kwd><kwd>rhinovirus infection</kwd><kwd>RS-virus infection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>острые респираторные вирусные инфекции</kwd><kwd>грипп</kwd><kwd>риновирусные инфекции</kwd><kwd>РС-вирусные инфекции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>21-75-30003</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Aboubakr H.A., Sharafeldin T.A., Goyal S.M. 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