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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18179</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-AOP-18179</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of phenotypic properties and genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella aerogenes isolates</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ фенотипических свойств и генетических детерминант устойчивости к антимикробным препаратам у изолятов Klebsiella aerogenes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-2591</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57199710917</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">V-4210-2018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Vladimirovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of biological sciences, researcher at the laboratory of microbiome and microecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиома и микроэкологии</p></bio><email>buxarowa.ekaterina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7656-342X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">51764227900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAB-4717-2020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemchenko</surname><given-names>Uliana Mikhailovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немченко</surname><given-names>Ульяна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Microbiome and Microecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиома и микроэкологии</p></bio><email>umnemch@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9720-068X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">8373682700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-6987-2014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belkova</surname><given-names>Natalia Leonidovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белькова</surname><given-names>Наталья Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Laboratory of Microbiome and Microecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиома и микроэкологии</p></bio><email>nlbelkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0979-8816</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57202131923</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">M-5830-2018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimenko</surname><given-names>Elizaveta Stanislavovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клименко</surname><given-names>Елизавета Станиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of Microbiome and Microecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиома и микроэкологии</p></bio><email>klimenko.elizabet@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3614-6631</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58682343800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smurova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda Evgenievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смурова</surname><given-names>Надежда Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory assistant at the Microbiome and Microecology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант лаборатории микробиома и микроэкологии</p></bio><email>nadinasmurova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-6876</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6602084322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savilov</surname><given-names>Evgeny Dmitrievich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савилов</surname><given-names>Евгений Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Chief Researcher at the Laboratory of Epidemiologically and Socially Significant Infections </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологически и социально-значимых инфекций </p></bio><email>savilov47@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-29"><day>29</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Grigorova E.V., Nemchenko U.M., Belkova N.L., Klimenko E.S., Smurova N.E., Savilov E.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Григорова Е.В., Немченко У.М., Белькова Н.Л., Клименко Е.С., Смурова Н.Е., Савилов Е.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grigorova E.V., Nemchenko U.M., Belkova N.L., Klimenko E.S., Smurova N.E., Savilov E.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Григорова Е.В., Немченко У.М., Белькова Н.Л., Клименко Е.С., Смурова Н.Е., Савилов Е.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18179">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18179</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Klebsiella aerogenes</italic> is an important pathogen associated with outbreaks of respiratory and urinary tract infections often associated with resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, and other classes of antimicrobial drugs. The aim of the study was to analyze the phenotypic properties and genetic determinants underlying antimicrobial drug resistance based on whole‑genome sequencing of <italic>K. aerogenes</italic> strains. For this, three isolates of <italic>K. aerogenes</italic> previously isolated from clinical material of children were retrieved from the collection of the Laboratory of Microbiome and Microecology. The strains were identified using conventional methods and mass spectrometry. Phenotype analysis was carried out using the Burri‑Ginsa method, the mucus production test, the SENSILATEST G‑II, the disc diffusion method, the “double discs” method, and the CIM-test. Bacterial- isolate-specific genome-wide sequencing and genotyping, search and description of plasmids, as well as resistance and virulence genes were performed. <italic>K. aerogenes</italic> isolates formed no capsules and hyperviscous mucus. According to SENSILATEST G-II and disco diffusion method, either two isolates No. 89 and 93 or all three isolates, respectively, were verified as multidrug-resistant strains. The isolates produced ESBL, but not carbapenemases. The GC composition of all three draft genomes is characteristic of the <italic>K. aerogenes</italic> species. Isolates No. 89 and 93 were assigned to ST‑389, while isolate No. 13 – to ST‑4/CC1. All isolates were characterized by detecting a wide array of determinants encoding antibiotic resistance, among which efflux systems held a lead place. The predominant virulence determinants in the studied strains were yersiniabactin, flagella, adhesins, and enterobactin. The <italic>fepC</italic> gene was a distinctive trait of strain No. 13. Each <italic>K. aerogenes</italic> isolate was found to carry one conjugative plasmid. Comparing plasmid from isolate No. 13 and plasmids from isolates No. 89 and 93 differed in size, replicon and relaxase type, as well as pilus type. A distinctive characteristic for the study <italic>K. aerogenes</italic> isolates is identifying a specific phenotype characterized by the production of extended‑spectrum β‑lactamases but not carbapenemases, as well as the presence of genetic markers thereby suggesting a potential link between pathogenic, virulent properties and antimicrobial resistance.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Klebsiella aerogenes</italic></bold><bold> является важным патогеном, связанным со вспышками инфекций дыхательных и мочеполовых путей. Такие инфекции часто ассоциированы с устойчивостью к цефалоспоринам, карбапенемам и другим классам антимикробных препаратов. Целью исследования явился анализ фенотипических свойств и генетических детерминант, лежащих в основе устойчивости к антимикробным препаратам на основе данных полногеномного секвенирования штаммов </bold><bold><italic>K</italic></bold><bold><italic>. </italic></bold><bold><italic>aerogenes</italic></bold><bold><italic>. </italic></bold>Объектом исследования стали три изолята <italic>K</italic><italic>. </italic><italic>aerogenes</italic><italic>,</italic> из коллекции лаборатории микробиома и микроэкологии, которые ранее были выделены из клинического материала детей<italic>. </italic>Штаммы идентифицированы общепринятыми методами и масс-спектрометрией. Анализ фенотипа проводили с помощью методов Бурри Гинса, теста на слизеобразование, СЕНСИЛАТЕСТА Г-II и диско-диффузионного метода, метода «двойных дисков» и СIM-теста. Проводили полногеномное секвенирование и генотипирование изолятов, поиск и описание плазмид, а также генов устойчивости и вирулентности. Изоляты <italic>K</italic><italic>. </italic><italic>aerogenes</italic> не образовывали капсулы и гипервязкую слизь<italic>. </italic>По результатам СЕНСИЛАТЕСТА Г-II два изолята № 89 и 93, а по диско-диффузионному методу все три изолята являлись штаммами с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью. Изоляты продуцировали ESBL, но при этом не вырабатывали карбапенемазы. GC–состав всех трех драфт геномов характерен для вида <italic>K. аerogenes. </italic>Изоляты № 89 и № 93 отнесли к ST-389, а № 13 к ST-4/СС1. Все изоляты характеризовались наличием широкого разнообразия детерминант, кодирующих устойчивость к антибиотикам, среди которых эффлюкс-системы занимали лидирующее положение. <bold>Преобладающими детерминантами вирулентности исследуемых штаммов были иерсиниабактин, жгутики, адгезины, а также энтеробактин. Ген <italic>fepC</italic> являлся отличительной особенностью для штамма № 13. </bold>У каждого изолята <italic>K. aerogenes</italic> обнаружена одна конъюгативная плазмида. Плазмида изолята № 13 отличалась от плазмид изолятов № 89 и 93 размером, типом репликона и релаксазы, а также типом пилей. <bold>Отличительной характеристикой выделенных изолятов </bold><bold><italic>K</italic></bold><bold><italic>. </italic></bold><bold><italic>aerogenes</italic></bold><bold><italic> </italic></bold><bold>является выявление</bold> специфического фенотипа с продукцией <italic>β</italic>-лактамаз расширенного спектра и отсутствием карбапенемаз, а также наличие генетических маркеров, что указывает на возможную взаимосвязь патогенных, вирулентных свойств и устойчивости к антимикробным препаратам.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Klebsiella aerogenes</kwd><kwd>antimicrobials</kwd><kwd>AMD</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>phenotype</kwd><kwd>genome-wide sequencing</kwd><kwd>genotype.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Klebsiella aerogenes</kwd><kwd>антимикробные препараты</kwd><kwd>АМП</kwd><kwd>устойчивость</kwd><kwd>фенотип</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>генотип.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of the state task No. 126020216227-3</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках госзадания № 126020216227-3</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Анисимова А.С., Павлович Н.В., Аронова Н.В., Цимбалистова М.В., Гудуева Е.Н., Пасюкова Н.И., Теплякова Е.Д., Носков А. 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