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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18160</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-DPP-18160</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">DETERMINING PARTICIPATION PERIPHERAL BLOOD B-CELLS, B-REG CELLS, AND MEMORY B-REG CELLS IN DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE Ι DISEASE AND THE EFFECT OF THE URINARY TRACT INFECTION RESPONSE</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ РОЛИ ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКИХ В-КЛЕТОК КРОВИ, В-РЕГУЛЯТОРНЫХ КЛЕТОК И В-РЕГУЛЯТОРНЫХ КЛЕТОК ПАМЯТИ ПРИ САХАРНОМ ДИАБЕТЕ 1 ТИПА И ВЛИЯНИЕ ОТВЕТА НА ИНФЕКЦИЮ МОЧЕВЫВОДЯЩИХ ПУТЕЙ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-6940</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59343324000</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oudah</surname><given-names>Noor Abdulamer</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уда</surname><given-names>Нур Абдуламер</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academic degree: PhD</p>
<p>Academic status: Assistant Professor</p>
<p>Position: Lecturer / Faculty member</p>
<p>Department of Medical Physics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ученая степень: Кандидат наук</p>
<p>Ученое звание: Доцент</p>
<p>Должность: Преподаватель / профессорско-преподавательский состав</p>
<p>Кафедра медицинской физики, Колледж прикладных медицинских наук, Университет Кербалы, Кербела, Ирак</p></bio><email>noor.a.oda@uokerbala.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7392-0268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alsaadi</surname><given-names>Kawkab</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алсаади</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academic degree: PhD</p>
<p>Academic status: Assistant Lecturer</p>
<p>Position: Lecturer / Faculty member</p>
<p>Institution: Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Kerbala, 56001, Kerbala, Iraq</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ученая степень: Кандидат наук</p>
<p>Ученое звание: ассистент</p>
<p>Должность: Преподаватель / профессорско-преподавательский состав</p>
<p>Учреждение: Факультет биологии, Научный колледж, Университет Кербалы, 56001, Кербала, Ирак.</p></bio><email>kawkab.alsaadi@uokerbala.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-2760</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>Haider</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Али</surname><given-names>Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academic degree: PhD</p>
<p>Academic status: Professor</p>
<p>Position: Lecturer / Faculty member</p>
<p>Institution: Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Kerbala, 56001, Kerbala, Iraq</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ученая степень: Кандидат наук</p>
<p>Академический статус: профессор</p>
<p>Должность: преподаватель / профессорско-преподавательский состав</p>
<p>Учреждение: Кафедра биологии, факультет естественных наук, Университет Кербелы, 56001, Кербела, Ирак</p></bio><email>haider.h@uokerbala.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Кербелы, Кербела, Ирак</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-01"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-29"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Oudah N.A., Alsaadi K., Ali H.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Oudah N., Alsaadi K., Ali H.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oudah N.A., Alsaadi K., Ali H.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Oudah N., Alsaadi K., Ali H.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18160">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18160</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Background.</italic></bold> <bold>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex autoimmune disorder. Despite the crucial anti-inflammatory role of IL-10-secreting memory regulatory B cells </bold><bold>(</bold>memory Bregs<bold>), their specific profile and function in T1DM remain poorly understood.</bold>The aim of the study was to investigate the peripheral blood frequencies of total B cells, regulatory B cells (Bregs), and memory Breg cells (CD19+IL-10+ CD24^hi CD27+) in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the impact of concurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) on these immune profiles by comparing T1DM patients with and without UTIs to healthy controls, thereby elucidating the interplay between bacterial infections, Breg cell depletion, and T1DM pathogenesis. <bold><italic>Materials and methods.</italic></bold> This case-control study evaluated male children T1DM patients, categorized by the presence or absence of concurrent UTIs, alongside a healthy control group. Flow cytometry was utilized to quantify the frequencies of total B cells and memory Bregs subsets. Additionally, clinical markers including glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) and C-peptide levels were assessed. <bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> A significant decrease in total B cells and overall regulatory B cells was observed among T1DM patients, particularly those with concurrent UTIs. Notably, memory Bregs exhibited a significant stepwise decline: dropping from 47.07% in healthy controls to 26.97% in T1DM patients without UTIs, and further decreasing to 21.98% in those with UTIs. Coupled with elevated GADA and diminished C-peptide levels, these findings demonstrate that bacterial infections significantly exacerbate the depletion of regulatory B cell subsets. <bold><italic>Conclusion</italic>.</bold> The profound depletion of total B, Breg, and memory Breg cells in T1DM children exacerbated by concurrent bacterial infections critically drives the loss of immune tolerance and β-cell destruction. Therefore, restoring memory Breg function offers a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for T1DM.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Сахарный диабет 1 типа (СД1) — комплексное аутоиммунное заболевание. Несмотря на решающую противовоспалительную роль (Breg-клеток), секретирующих ИЛ-10, их специфический профиль и функция при СД1 изученными остаются недостаточно. Целью исследования было изучение частоты определения в периферической крови общих В-клеток, регуляторных В-клеток (Breg) и Breg-клеток памяти (CD19+IL-10+ CD24hi CD27+) у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 1 типа (СД1). Кроме того, также оценивалось влияние сопутствующих инфекций мочевыводящих путей (ИМВП) на иммунные профили указанных популяций В-клеток при их сравнении у пациентов с СД1 с ИМВП и без них со волонтерами контрольной группы для установления взаимосвязи между бактериальными инфекциями, истощением Breg-клеток и патогенезом СД1. Материалы и методы. В исследовании типа «случай-контроль» оценивались мальчики с СД1, разделенные по наличию или отсутствию сопутствующих ИМВП, наряду со здоровой контрольной группой. Для количественной оценки частоты встречаемости общих B-клеток и субпопуляций регуляторных B-клеток памяти использовалась проточная цитометрия. Кроме того, были оценены клинические маркеры, включая аутоантитела к глутаминовой декарбоксилазе (GADA) и уровни С-пептида. Результаты. У пациентов с СД1, особенно при сопутствующих ИМВП, наблюдалось значительное снижение общего количества B-клеток и регуляторных B-клеток в целом. Примечательно, что количество Breg-клеток памяти демонстрировало достоверное ступенчатое снижение: с 47,07% у здоровых контрольных лиц до 26,97% у пациентов с СД1 без ИМВП и далее до 21,98% у лиц с ИМВП. В сочетании с повышенным уровнем GADA и сниженным уровнем С-пептида полученные данные показывают, что бактериальные инфекции значительно усиливают истощение субпопуляций регуляторных B-клеток. Заключение. Выраженное снижение общего количества B-клеток, регуляторных B-клеток и регуляторных B-клеток памяти у детей с СД1, усугубляемое сопутствующими бактериальными инфекциями, критически влияет на потерю иммунной толерантности и разрушение β-клеток. Таким образом, восстановление функции регуляторных В-клеток памяти представляет собой многообещающую иммунотерапевтическую стратегию для лечения сахарного диабета 1 типа.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>B-cells</kwd><kwd>regulatory B-cells</kwd><kwd>memory B-cells</kwd><kwd>Type 1 Diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>urinary tract infection</kwd><kwd>immune response.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>В-клетки</kwd><kwd>регуляторные В-клетки</kwd><kwd>В-клетки памяти</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>инфекция мочевыводящих путей</kwd><kwd>иммунный ответ.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Madany RA-A, Oudah NA. Association of CD24, CD27, and co-stimulatory molecules CD80 immunological marker expression on B-cells of human peripheral blood with development of celiac disease. 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