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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18135</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-EBP-18135</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ESKAPE BACTERIAL PRODUCTS AS MODULATORS OF NATURAL KILLER CELL FUNCTION</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПРОДУКТЫ БАКТЕРИЙ ГРУППЫ ESKAPE КАК МОДУЛЯТОРЫ ФУНКЦИЙ ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ КИЛЛЕРОВ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-8262</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9000-3680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta Alekseevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at the Department of Intercellular Interactions</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник отдела межклеточных взаимодействий </p></bio><email>liza.denisova9898@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6051-9048</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4290-3910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyshchuk</surname><given-names>Elizaveta Vladimirovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тыщук</surname><given-names>Елизавета Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at the Department of Intercellular Interactions</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник отдела межклеточных взаимодействий </p></bio><email>lisatyshchuk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraeva</surname><given-names>Ludmila Alexandrovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краева</surname><given-names>Людмила Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology at the Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Professor of the Department of Microbiology at the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, заведующая лабораторией медицинской бактериологии ФБУН «НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера», Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация; профессор кафедры микробиологии ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова» МО РФ, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация.</p></bio><email>lykraeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-2531</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3746-0000</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy Igorevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Immunology and Intercellular Interactions, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology", Saint Petersburg; Leading Research Fellow, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal Budgetary Institution of Science "Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., заведующий отделом иммунологии и межклеточных взаимодействий ФГБНУ «НИИ АГиР им. Д. О. Отта», Санкт-Петербург; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии ФБУН «НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера», Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация.</p></bio><email>falcojugger@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences named after D. O. Ott"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ "НИИ акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии им. Д. О. Отта"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">P.S. FBUN "Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Paster", Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера», Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">FGBVOU VO "Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov" of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова» МО РФ, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-03"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-06"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Denisova E.A., Tyshchuk E.V., Kraeva L.A., Sokolov D.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Денисова Е.А., Тыщук Е.В., Краева Л.А., Соколов Д.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Denisova E.A., Tyshchuk E.V., Kraeva L.A., Sokolov D.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Денисова Е.А., Тыщук Е.В., Краева Л.А., Соколов Д.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18135">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18135</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes acting as the key effector cells capable of recognizing and eliminating infected and transformed cells without prior sensitization. Their role in antibacterial defense, inflammatory response regulation and modulation of reproductive processes has been attracting increasing attention. In this regard, of particular interest are opportunistic bacteria of the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.) characterized by high virulence, a prominent potential for developing multiple antibiotic resistance, being a lead cause of severe nosocomial infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Pathogens of the ESKAPE produce a wide range of cell wall structural components (lipopolysaccharides, peptide glycans, lipoteichoic acids, capsular polysaccharides) as well as secreted virulence factors (pore-forming toxins, proteases, superantigen-like proteins, extracellular membrane vesicles) that can directly modulate immune cell functional activity. This review systematizes current literature data regarding the mechanisms underlying interplay between products of ESKAPE pathogenic bacteria as well as NK cell receptor apparatus and effector functions. Intracellular signaling pathways (NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT) activated upon binding of bacterial ligands to pattern recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, NOD1/NOD2) and their impact on NK cell cytotoxic potential, cytokine secretion profile (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β), and survival are primarily delineated. In addition, the immunomodulatory mechanisms mediated by bacterial metabolites on dendritic cells and macrophages subsequently affecting NK cell activation are discussed as well. Understanding the complex network of molecular crosstalk between ESKAPE pathogen metabolites and NK cells is fundamental for developing novel immunotherapy strategies for drug-resistant infections, designing adjuvant drugs based on bacterial components as well as correcting immune disorders in critical conditions. Altogether, it opens up a new avenue to a personalized treatment approach for patients with severe nosocomial infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Естественные киллеры (NK-клетки) лимфоциты врожденного иммунитета. NK-клетки представляют собой ключевые эффекторы врожденного иммунитета, обладающие способностью распознавать и элиминировать инфицированные и трансформированные клетки без предварительной сенсибилизации. Их роль в антибактериальной защите, регуляции воспалительного ответа и модуляции репродуктивных процессов привлекает растущее внимание исследователей. Особый интерес в этом контексте представляют условно-патогенные бактерии группы ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.), которые характеризуются высокой вирулентностью, выраженной способностью к формированию множественной антибиотикорезистентности и являются ведущей причиной тяжелых нозокомиальных инфекций, особенно у пациентов с ослабленным иммунитетом. Патогены данной группы продуцируют широкий спектр структурных компонентов клеточной стенки (липополисахариды, пептидогликаны, липотейхоевые кислоты, капсульные полисахариды) и секретируемых факторов вирулентности (порообразующие токсины, протеазы, суперантигенподобные белки, внеклеточные мембранные везикулы), способных непосредственно модулировать функциональную активность иммунных клеток. В настоящем обзоре систематизированы современные литературные данные о механизмах взаимодействия продуктов бактерий патогенной группы ESKAPE с рецепторным аппаратом и эффекторными функциями NK-клеток. Особое внимание уделено анализу внутриклеточных сигнальных путей (NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT), активируемых при связывании бактериальных лигандов с паттерн-распознающими рецепторами (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, NOD1/NOD2), и их влиянию на цитотоксический потенциал, профиль секреции цитокинов (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β) и выживаемость клеток естественных киллеров. Также рассмотрены опосредованные механизмы иммуномодуляции, реализуемые через воздействие бактериальных метаболитов на дендритные клетки и макрофаги, что в дальнейшем влияет на активацию NK-клеток. Понимание сложной сети молекулярных взаимодействий между метаболитами ESKAPE-патогенов и NK-клетками имеет фундаментальное значение для разработки новых стратегий иммунотерапии резистентных инфекций, создания адъювантных препаратов на основе бактериальных компонентов и коррекции иммунных нарушений при критических состояниях, что открывает перспективы для персонализированного подхода в лечении пациентов с тяжелыми нозокомиальными инфекциями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Natural killer cells</kwd><kwd>ESKAPE bacteria</kwd><kwd>bacterial metabolites</kwd><kwd>extracellular vesicles</kwd><kwd>pattern recognition receptors</kwd><kwd>immunomodulation.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Естественные киллеры</kwd><kwd>бактерии ESKAPE</kwd><kwd>бактериальные метаболиты</kwd><kwd>внеклеточные везикулы</kwd><kwd>паттерн-распознающие рецепторы</kwd><kwd>иммуномодуляция.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id>24-15-00002</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-15-00002</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Поддержано грантом РНФ № 24-15-00002</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Афанасова, Е. 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