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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1811</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-TIO-1811</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Topical issues of clinical symptoms and diagnostics of septic shock</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Актуальные вопросы клинической картины и диагностики септического шока</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-7090</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gomanova</surname><given-names>Liliya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гоманова</surname><given-names>Лилия Ильинична</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student of Erismann Institute of Public Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка Института общественного здоровья им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана</p></bio><email>gomanova_liliya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7612-6206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fokina</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фокина</surname><given-names>Марина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Department of Human Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры патологии человека</p></bio><email>fokina.marina.mgmu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-05-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>239</fpage><lpage>252</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-02"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-01-03"><day>03</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Gomanova L.I., Fokina M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Гоманова Л.И., Фокина М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gomanova L.I., Fokina M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гоманова Л.И., Фокина М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1811">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1811</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, septic shock remains an unresolved public health problem that leads to serious epidemiological, economic and social problems. Septic shock is a common hemodynamic disorder caused by the interaction between pathogenic microbes and host cells, resulting in developing hypoxia, severe metabolic disorders and multiple organ failure. By now, no unified concept for pathophysiology of septic shock are available. However, the aforementioned data prove that one of the key arms in the pathogenesis is endothelial dysfunction and associated ischemic disorders. In the clinical course of septic shock, three stages are distinguished: the stage of compensation, decompensation as well as the stage of irreversible disorders. The initial stage, or the stage of compensation, is characterized by the activated inflammatory response against infectious agents. Clinically, this stage is characterized by the development of “warm shock”: fever, dermal hyperemia, hyperventilation, increased cardiac output, and tachycardia. The second stage in developing septic shock is characterized by arising “cold shock” as a consequence of escalating heart and respiratory failure. The final stage is the development of multiple organ failure manifested by emerging “shock” organs. Multiple organ failure occurs due to microthrombosis and increasing ischemia, which leads to hypoxia and development of mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cells. At this stage patients are characterized by the progressive cyanosis, developing anuria and intestinal obstruction, as well as altered mental status. Laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of septic shock is a promising approach to examine septic shock. The level of serum C-reactive protein, lactate, and proinflammatory cytokines are not highly specific diagnostic parameters of septic shock, because they can be found in any inflammatory process. Today, the promising diagnostic markers are pentraxin-3, high-density lipoproteins, and phosphatidylcholine. The severity of septic shock can be assessed by determining blood schistocytes, central venous pressure, and the ratio of venous-arterial CO<sub>2</sub> and arterial-venous O<sub>2</sub> pressure. The following diagnostic methods can be used to determine multiple organ failure: level of serum proenkephalin A119–159 and heparin-binding protein; echocardiography, troponin I concentration and N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptides; measuring activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Here we discuss the key aspects of pathogenesis, clinical picture and morphological changes of septic shock. The promising methods for diagnosing the disease and its complications have been studied.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Септический шок на сегодняшний день остается до конца нерешенной проблемой здравоохранения, которая приводит к серьезным эпидемиологическим, экономическим и социальным сложностям. Септический шок является общим гемодинамическим расстройством, вызванным взаимодействием патогенных микроорганизмов с клетками организма и ведущим к развитию циркуляторной гипоксии, тяжелым метаболическим расстройствам и полиорганной недостаточности. На сегодняшний день не существует единой концепции патофизиологии септического шока. Однако существующие данные доказывают, что одним из ключевых звеньев в патогенезе септического шока является дисфункция эндотелия и связанные с ней ишемические расстройства. В клиническом течении септического шока выделяют три стадии: стадию компенсации, декомпенсации и необратимых нарушений. Начальная стадия, или стадия компенсации, характеризуется активацией воспалительной реакции в ответ на действие инфекционного агента. Клинически данная стадия характеризуется развитием «теплого» шока: лихорадки, гиперемии кожных покровов, гипервентиляции, увеличения сердечного выброса, тахикардии. Вторая стадия в развитии септического шока характеризуется развитием «холодного» шока, что является следствием нарастания сердечной и дыхательной недостаточности. Конечной стадией является развитие полиорганной недостаточности, которая проявляется в формировании «шоковых» органов. Синдром полиорганной недостаточности возникает в результате микротромбоза и нарастающей ишемии, что приводит к гипоксии и развитию митохондриальной дисфункции иммунокомпетентных клеток. Для пациентов на данной стадии характерны прогрессия цианоза, развитие анурии и кишечной непроходимости, изменение психического статуса. Перспективным направлением изучения септического шока является его лабораторная и инструментальная диагностика. Уровни С-реактивного белка, лактата, провоспалительных цитокинов в крови не являются высокоспецифичными диагностическими показателями септического шока, поскольку могут наблюдаться при любом воспалительном процессе. Перспективными диагностическими маркерами являются уровень пентраксина-3, концентрация липопротеинов высокой плотности и фосфатидилхолина в крови. Оценить тяжесть течения септического шока позволяет определение количества шистоцитов в крови, показатель центрального венозного давления и соотношение уровня венозно-артериального CO<sub>2</sub> и артериально-венозного O<sub>2</sub>. Определить формирующуюся полиорганную недостаточность позволяют следующие диагностические методы: оценка проэнкефалина А119–159 и гепарин-связывающего белка; эхокардиография, измерение концентрации тропонинов I и натрийуретических пептидов N-концевого pro-b-типа; оценка активности ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновой системы. В статье рассмотрены ключевые аспекты патогенеза, особенности клинической картины и морфологических изменений в ходе септического шока. Изучены перспективные методы диагностики заболевания и его осложнений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>septic shock</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>clinical symptoms</kwd><kwd>morphology</kwd><kwd>multiple organ failure syndrome</kwd><kwd>“shock” organs</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>септический шок</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>клинические симптомы</kwd><kwd>морфология</kwd><kwd>синдром полиорганной недостаточности</kwd><kwd>«шоковые» органы</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Курмышкина О.В., Богданова А.А., Волкова Т.О., Полторак А.Н. Септический шок: врожденные молекулярно-генетические механизмы развития генерализованного воспалительного процесса // Онтогенез. 2015. Т. 46, № 4. С. 225–239. [Kurmyshkina O.V., Bogdanova A.A., Volkova T.O., Poltorak A.N. 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