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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18100</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-BDA-18100</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biological diversity and perspectives for therapeutic and diagnostic applications of mycobacteriophages in the Russian Federation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биологическое разнообразие и перспективы терапевтического и диагностического применения микобактериофагов в Российской Федерации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5016-2089</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaychikova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайчикова</surname><given-names>Марина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной генетики микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>marinaz15@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-5933</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1559-2376</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>Vadim V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>Вадим Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Research Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunodiagnostics of Tuberculosis Infection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник научной лаборатории иммунопатологии и иммунодиагностики туберкулезной инфекции</p></bio><email>Vadim.avdeev@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>Sofya M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Софья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Laboratory Assistant, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории молекулярной генетики микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>sofya.kuznetsova.2001@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-163X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malakhova</surname><given-names>Maja V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малахова</surname><given-names>Майя Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной генетики микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>maja_m@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-6004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shitikov</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шитиков</surname><given-names>Егор Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., зав. лабораторией молекулярной генетики микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>eshitikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины имени академика Ю.М. Лопухина Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр фтизиопульмонологии и инфекционных заболеваний Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Zaychikova M.V., Avdeev V.V., Kuznetsova S.M., Malakhova M.V., Shitikov E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Зайчикова М.В., Авдеев В.В., Кузнецова С.М., Малахова М.В., Шитиков Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaychikova M.V., Avdeev V.V., Kuznetsova S.M., Malakhova M.V., Shitikov E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайчикова М.В., Авдеев В.В., Кузнецова С.М., Малахова М.В., Шитиков Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18100">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18100</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Mycobacteriophages are viruses that selectively infect mycobacteria. Due to their specificity and lytic activity, they are considered a promising tool for controlling mycobacterial infections, especially amid rising antibiotic resistance. Their significant genetic diversity and unique biological properties have generated sustained global research interest, supported by successes in treating complex infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. However, data on phage populations and applied research results in the Russian Federation remain fragmented, necessitating systematization to assess the genuine potential. This review is based on literature data and the authors’ personal results, summarizing current knowledge on mycobacteriophage biology and analyzing the prospects for their therapeutic and diagnostic application. It examines data on mycobacteriophage taxonomic and genomic diversity in a global context, describes the first characterized Russian isolates, including phages Vic9 and Yasnaya_Polyana, and details a domestic collection of 15 phages. The collection aligns with global trends and includes unique findings, such as the phage Arbat with an anomalously large genome and extremely low similarity to known phages. In the therapy context, the review explores strategies for creating effective therapeutic agents, including the design of phage cocktails and genetic modification to switch them to a lytic state. It presents a critical analysis of international clinical experience using phages in parallel with mycobacterioses and highlights fundamental barriers to phage therapy for tuberculosis. Special attention is paid to domestic delivery systems, particularly liposomal formulations of phage D29, which have demonstrated high efficacy against<italic> M. tuberculosis</italic>, including multidrug-resistant strains, and a favorable safety profile in preclinical studies. In the diagnostics section, the evolution of phage-based methods is traced — from biological amplification tests to reporter systems — and the Russian-developed test system “TB-Phage-LCh” for phenotypic tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing is presented. Despite regulatory complexities and the need to study immunogenicity, this work demonstrates that Russian Federation possesses a solid scientific foundation for developing this field. Further research focused on in-depth characterization of domestic isolates, optimization of therapeutic platforms, and conducting controlled clinical trials could lead to creating effective phage-based drugs and diagnostic tools capable of holding an important place in the arsenal against drug-resistant mycobacterial infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Микобактериофаги — вирусы, избирательно поражающие микобактерии. Благодаря своей специфичности и литической активности микобактериофаги рассматриваются как перспективный инструмент для контроля микобактериальных инфекций, особенно в условиях растущей антибиотикорезистентности. Их значительное генетическое разнообразие и уникальные биологические свойства сформировали устойчивый глобальный исследовательский интерес, подкрепленный успехами в терапии сложных инфекций, вызванных нетуберкулезными микобактериями. Однако данные о фаговых популяциях и результатах прикладных исследований в Российской Федерации остаются разрозненными, что определяет необходимость их систематизации для оценки реального потенциала. Настоящий обзор основан на литературных данных и собственных результатах авторов и обобщает современные представления о биологии микобактериофагов, анализируя перспективы их терапевтического и диагностического применения. В работе рассмотрены современные данные о таксономическом и геномном разнообразии микобактериофагов в глобальном контексте, описаны первые полноценно охарактеризованные российские изоляты, включая фаги Vic9 и Yasnaya_Polyana, а также детально представлена отечественная коллекция из 15 фагов. Характеристика этой коллекции выявила как соответствие мировым тенденциям, так и уникальные находки, такие как фаг Arbat с аномально крупным геномом и крайне низким уровнем сходства с известными фагами. В контексте терапии обзор рассматривает стратегии создания эффективных терапевтических препаратов, включая конструирование коктейлей и генетическую модификацию фагов для перевода их в литическое состояние. Проведен критический анализ международного клинического опыта применения фагов при микобактериозах и выделяет фундаментальные барьеры на пути фаготерапии туберкулеза. Особое внимание уделено отечественным разработкам систем доставки, в частности, липосомальных форм фага D29, показавших высокую эффективность против<italic> M. tuberculosis</italic>, включая штаммы с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью, и благоприятный профиль безопасности в доклинических исследованиях на экспериментальных моделях. В разделе, посвященном диагностике, прослежена эволюция фаг-ориентированных методов — от тестов биологической амплификации до репортерных систем, и представлена разработанная в России тест-система «ТБ-фаг-ЛЧ» для фенотипического определения лекарственной чувствительности Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Несмотря на существующие проблемы, включая регуляторные сложности и необходимость углубленного изучения иммуногенности, работа демонстрирует наличие в России серьезного научного задела для развития данного направления. Дальнейшие исследования, сфокусированные на углубленной характеристике отечественных изолятов, оптимизации терапевтических платформ и проведении контролируемых клинических испытаний, могут способствовать созданию эффективных фаговых препаратов и диагностических инструментов, способных занять важное место в арсенале борьбы с устойчивыми микобактериальными инфекциями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mycobacteriophages</kwd><kwd>mycobacteria</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>liposomes</kwd><kwd>anti-tuberculosis therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микобактериофаги</kwd><kwd>микобактерии</kwd><kwd>туберкулез</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>липосомы</kwd><kwd>противотуберкулезная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-15-00514</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-15-00514, https://rscf.ru/project/24-15-00514.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-15-00514, https://rscf.ru/project/24-15-00514.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Лапенкова М.Б., Аляпкина Ю.С., Владимирский М.А. 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