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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1809</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-COT-1809</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of the humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescents</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сопоставление гуморального и клеточного иммунитета у переболевших COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toptygina</surname><given-names>Anna P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топтыгина</surname><given-names>Анна Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Cytokines; Professor, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, руководитель лаборатории цитокинов; профессор кафедры иммунологии биологического факультета</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semikina</surname><given-names>Elena L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семикина</surname><given-names>Елена Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head Researcher, Head of the Centralized Diagnostics Laboratory; Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник, зав. централизованной клинико-диагностической лабораторией; профессор кафедры педиатрии и детской ревматологии</p></bio><email>semikinaelena@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakirov</surname><given-names>Rustam S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закиров</surname><given-names>Рустам Ш.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Laboratory Specialist, Centralized Diagnostics Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики централизованной клинико-диагностической лаборатории</p></bio><email>biochemik@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afridonova</surname><given-names>Zulfiia E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афридонова</surname><given-names>Зульфия Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Laboratory of Cytokines</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант лаборатории цитокинов</p></bio><email>zuafrid@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБО УВПО Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Children′s Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ НМИЦ здоровья детей Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-07-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>495</fpage><lpage>504</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-01-22"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Toptygina A.P., Semikina E.L., Zakirov R.S., Afridonova Z.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Топтыгина А.П., Семикина Е.Л., Закиров Р.Ш., Афридонова З.Э.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toptygina A.P., Semikina E.L., Zakirov R.S., Afridonova Z.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Топтыгина А.П., Семикина Е.Л., Закиров Р.Ш., Афридонова З.Э.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1809">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1809</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused the COVID-19 pandemic is related to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS coronaviruses, which were resulted in 2003 and 2012 epidemics. Antibodies in patients with COVID-19 emerge 7–14 days after the onset of symptoms and gradually increase. Because the COVID-19 pandemic is still in progress, it is hard to say how long the immunological memory to the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be retained. The aim of this study was to study a ratio between humoral and cellular immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein in COVID-19 convalescents. There were enrolled 60 adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 2 to 12 months prior to the examination. The control group consisted of 15 adults without COVID-19 or unvaccinated. Specific antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus were determined by ELISA with the SARS-CoV-2-IgG-ELISA-BEST kit. To determine the specific IgG and IgA subclasses, the anti-IgG conjugate from the kit was replaced with a conjugate against the IgG subclasses and IgA. Additional incubation with or without denaturing urea solution was used to determine the avidity of antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by gradient centrifugation, incubated with or without coronavirus S antigen for 20 hours, stained by fluorescently labeled antibodies, and the percentage of CD8<sup>high</sup>CD107a cells was assessed on flow cytometer BD FACSCanto II. In the control group, neither humoral nor cellular immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein was found. In the group of convalescents, the level of IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein varies greatly not being strictly associated with the disease duration, with 57% and 43% of COVID-19 patients having high vs. low level of humoral response, respectively. A correlation between level of specific IgG and IgA was r = 0.43. The avidity of antibodies increased over time in convalescents comprising 49.9% at 6–12 months afterwards. No virus-specific IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses were detected, and the percentage of IgG1 increased over time comprising 100% 6–12 months after recovery. 50% of the subjects examined had high cellular immunity, no correlations with the level of humoral immunity were found. We identified 4 combinations of humoral and cellular immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein: high humoral and cellular, low humoral and cellular, high humoral and low cellular, and vice versa, low humoral and high cellular immunity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вирус SARS-CoV-2, вызвавший пандемию COVID-19, является родственным коронавирусам SARS-CoV-1 и MERS, ставшим причиной эпидемий в 2003 и 2012 гг. Антитела у больных COVID-19 появляются через 7–14 дней после возникновения симптомов и постепенно нарастают. Поскольку пандемия COVID-19 продолжается, трудно сказать, как долго будет сохраняться иммунологическая память к вирусу SARS-CoV-2. Цель исследования — изучить соотношение гуморального и клеточного иммунитета к S-белку вируса SARS-CoV-2 после перенесенного COVID-19. Обследованы 60 взрослых, перенесших COVID-19 легкой и средней степени тяжести за 2–12 месяцев до момента обследования. Контрольную группу составили 15 взрослых, не болевших COVID-19 и не привитых от этой инфекции. Специфические антитела к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 определяли методом ИФА с помощью набора «SARS-CoV-2-IgG-ИФА-БЕСТ». Для определения субклассов специфических IgG и IgA анти-IgG-конъюгат из набора заменяли конъюгатом против субклассов IgG и IgA. Для определения авидности антител использовали дополнительную инкубацию с денатурирующим раствором мочевины или без нее. Мононуклеары из крови выделяли методом градиентного центрифугирования, инкубировали с S-антигеном коронавируса или без него 20 часов, окрашивали с помощью флуоресцентно меченных антител и подсчитывали на проточном цитометре BD FACSCanto II процент CD8<sup>high</sup>CD107a. В контрольной группе не обнаружено ни гуморального, ни клеточного иммунитета к S-белку SARS-CoV-2. У переболевших уровень IgG-антител к S-белку SARS-CoV-2 сильно различается и жестко не связан с давностью заболевания, 57% переболевших COVID-19 имели высокий уровень гуморального ответа, а 43% — низкий. Корреляция между уровнями специфических IgG и IgA составила r = 0,43. Авидность антител нарастала с течением времени после заболевания, составив 49,9% на сроке 6–12 мес. Не было выявлено специфических IgG субклассов IgG2 и IgG4, а процент IgG1 нарастал со временем и составил 100% через 6–12 мес. после заболевания. 50% обследованных имели высокий клеточный иммунитет и столько же — низкий, корреляций с уровнем гуморального иммунитета не выявлено. Выявлены 4 варианта сочетания гуморального и клеточного иммунитета к S-белку SARS-CoV-2: высокий гуморальный и клеточный, низкий гуморальный и клеточный, высокий гуморальный и низкий клеточный и, наоборот, низкий гуморальный и высокий клеточный иммунитет.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>IgG subclasses</kwd><kwd>cellular immunity</kwd><kwd>CD8+ lymphocytes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>субклассы IgG</kwd><kwd>клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>CD8+-лимфоциты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Топтыгина А.П. Гетерологичные иммунные ответы в норме и при патологии // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2020. Т. 10, № 2. С. 269–276. [Toptygina A.P. Heterologous immune responses in health and disease. 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