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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="brief-report" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18079</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-ESO-18079</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SHORT COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Short Communication</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Elevated seropositivity of IgG in rheumatoid arthritis patients in Diyala Province, Iraq</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Повышенная серопозитивность IgG к <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> у пациентов с ревматоидным артритом в провинции Дияла, Ирак</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismail</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмаил</surname><given-names>М. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Lecturer, Department of Biology, College of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, старший преподаватель, кафедра биологии, факультет естественных наук</p></bio><email>masarhadi333@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Molan</surname><given-names>Abdul-Lateef</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Молан</surname><given-names>Абдул Латиф</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, профессор, кафедра биотехнологии, факультет естественных наук</p></bio><email>molanal99@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Diyala University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Диялы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>191</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-28"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Ismail M., Molan A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Исмаил М., Молан А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ismail M., Molan A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Исмаил М., Молан А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18079">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18079</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease which takes humans and a wide-range of animals as intermediate hosts and can be transmitted sexually, potentially leading to serious outcomes like congenital toxoplasmosis in a pregnant woman’s foetus. However, sexual transmission is not the most common route, which includes ingesting contaminated undercooked meat, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, unwashed vegetables, or contact with the feces of infected cats. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, causing pain and disability with a prevalence of about 1% globally. Emerging evidence suggests a link between toxoplasmosis and autoimmune disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Iraqi RA subjects in comparison with apparently healthy controls living in Diyala Province, middle of Iraq.</p> <p>Materials and methods. Blood from RA subjects diagnosed at the Rheumatology Clinic at Baquba Teaching Hospital was collected, alongside samples from age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The sera from both groups screened for anti-<italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> antibodies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while arthritis was clinically diagnosed by specialist physicians.</p> <p>Results. The results showed a significant difference (p = 0.0363) in <italic>T. gondii</italic> IgG seropositivity between RA subjects (40.0%) in comparison with healthy individuals (26.0%) in Diyala Province. No participant in either group tested positive for IgM antibodies, indicating the presence of chronic rather than recent infections. The present study found an odds ratio of 1.9 for toxoplasmosis in Iraqi RA patients in comparison with control subjects, which means RA patients are nearly 2 times more likely to have toxoplasmosis in comparison with healthy subjects. Gender and age were not found to significantly influence the seropositivity rate in either group.</p> <p>Conclusion. The findings indicate that Iraqi RA patients living in Diyala Province have a higher IgG seropositivity than apparently healthy individuals, suggesting a potential association between toxoplasmosis and RA.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Токсоплазмоз — это зоонозное заболевание, промежуточными хозяевами которого являются люди и разные животные. Он может передаваться половым путем, потенциально приводя к серьезным последствиям, таким как врожденный токсоплазмоз у плода. Однако половой путь передачи не является наиболее распространенным. Наиболее частыми причинами заражения токсоплазмозом являются употребление в пищу зараженного недостаточно термически обработанного мяса, немытых овощей, трансплантация органов и переливание крови, зараженных токсоплазмой, контакт с фекалиями инфицированных кошек. Ревматоидный артрит (РА) — это системное аутоиммунное заболевание, характеризующееся хроническим воспалением, болевым синдромом и ведущее к инвалидности; его распространенность в мире порядка 1%. Появляющиеся данные свидетельствуют о связи между токсоплазмозом и аутоиммунными заболеваниями. Целью настоящего исследования было оценить серопревалентность к токсоплазмозу у иракских пациентов с РА в сравнении с условно здоровыми лицами контрольных групп, проживающими в провинции Дияла в центральной части Ирака.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Были собраны образцы крови у пациентов с ревматоидным артритом (РА), диагностированным в ревматологической клинике больницы Бакуба, а также образцы крови у здоровых лиц, соответствующих больным по возрасту и полу. Сыворотки обеих групп были исследованы на наличие антител к <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> с использованием иммуноферментного анализа (ELISA), а диагноз артрита был поставлен клинически врачами-специалистами.</p> <p>Результаты. Результаты показали достоверную разницу (p = 0,0363) в уровне серопозитивности IgG антител к <italic>T. gondii</italic> между пациентами с РА (40,0%) и здоровыми людьми (26,0%) в провинции Дияла. Ни у одного участника в обеих группах не были обнаружены антитела IgM, что указывает на наличие хронической, но не недавней инфекции. Также у пациентов с РА в Ираке вероятность развития токсоплазмоза почти в 2 раза выше, чем у здоровых людей (ОШ = 1,9). Пол и возраст не оказывали существенного влияния на уровень серопозитивности ни в одной из групп.</p> <p>Вывод. Результаты показывают, что у иракских пациентов с РА, проживающих в провинции Дияла, уровень серопозитивности IgG антител выше, чем у условно здоровых людей, что предполагает потенциальную связь между токсоплазмозом и РА.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>toxoplasmosis</kwd><kwd>seropositivity</kwd><kwd>arthritic patients</kwd><kwd>Iraq</kwd><kwd>case-control study</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>токсоплазмоз</kwd><kwd>серопозитивность</kwd><kwd>пациенты с артритом</kwd><kwd>Ирак</kwd><kwd>исследование «случай–контроль»</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Kalaby R.F., Sultan B.A., Al-Fatlawi S.N., Abdul-Kadhim H., Obaid R.F. Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and autoimmune disease in aborted women in Najaf Province. Karbala J. 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