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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18050</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-MDO-18050</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular detection of the predominant Vancomycin-resistant gene in enterococci samples from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная детекция преобладающего гена устойчивости к ванкомицину в энтерококках, выделенных в центре высокоспециализированной медицинской помощи в Лахоре</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7866-4064</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Liaqat</surname><given-names>Aisha</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лиакат</surname><given-names>Айша</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кафедра микробиологии</p></bio><email>aishaliaqat68@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6402-1622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Imran</surname><given-names>Muhammad</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имран</surname><given-names>Мухаммад</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="AU">Australia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, кафедра отоларингологии и хирургии головы и шеи, кафедра хирургии, факультет наук о здоровье и медицинских наук</p></bio><email>muhammad.imran@adelaide.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9655-722X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zia</surname><given-names>Ramna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиа</surname><given-names>Рамна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MS, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук, кафедра наук о жизни, Школа естественных наук</p></bio><email>ramnazia1010@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Javed</surname><given-names>Benish</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джавед</surname><given-names>Бениш</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MS, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук, факультет смежных медицинских наук</p></bio><email>benishjaved2211@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yaseen</surname><given-names>Adnan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ясин</surname><given-names>Аднан</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>отделение микробиологии</p></bio><email>adnan.yaseen97@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabbir</surname><given-names>Chaudhry Ahmed</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаббир</surname><given-names>Чодри Ахмед</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="AU">Australia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, School of Public Health, North Terrace</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, Школа общественного здравоохранения, Норт-Террас</p></bio><email>ahmed.chaudhry@adelaide.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Continental Medical College and Hayat Memorial Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский колледж «Континентал» и Мемориальная больница «Хаят»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт трансляционных исследований в области здравоохранения им. Базиля Хетцеля, Локальная сеть здравоохранения Центральной Аделаиды</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The University of Adelaide</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Аделаиды</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Management and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет менеджмента и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, University of Lahore</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университетский институт медицинских лабораторных технологий, Университет Лахора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский комплекс имени шейха Зайда</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-19"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Liaqat A., Imran M., Zia R., Javed B., Yaseen A., Shabbir C.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Лиакат А., Имран М., Зиа Р., Джавед Б., Ясин А., Шаббир Ч.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Liaqat A., Imran M., Zia R., Javed B., Yaseen A., Shabbir C.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лиакат А., Имран М., Зиа Р., Джавед Б., Ясин А., Шаббир Ч.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18050">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18050</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are critical nosocomial pathogens with limited treatment options. We investigated the prevalence of vancomycin resistance genes in enterococcus isolates from Sheikh Zayd Hospital, Lahore, focusing on the dominant vancomycin resistance mechanism.</p> <p>Materials and methods. A total of 9000 clinical specimens (urine, blood, pus, and other fluids) were cultured over the study period, yielding 437 enterococcus isolates. These were identified by standard microbiological methods. Vancomycin resistance was confirmed phenotypically, and all VRE isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for vancomycin resistance genes <italic>vanA</italic>, <italic>vanB</italic>, <italic>vanC</italic>, and <italic>vanD</italic>. Patient demographics and clinical source data were recorded. Statistical analyses (chi-square tests) were performed to assess associations between VRE occurrence and patient factors (age, gender, department).</p> <p>Results. Out of 437 enterococcus-positive cultures, 40 isolates (9.1%) were confirmed as VRE. All 40 VRE isolates (100%) carried the <italic>vanA</italic> gene, while no <italic>vanB</italic>, <italic>vanC</italic>, or <italic>vanD</italic> genes were detected. Urine was the predominant specimen source for VRE, accounting for 85% of <italic>vanA</italic>-positive isolates, with the remainder from pus, blood, and other specimens. The median patient age was 58 years (range 5–85), and VRE cases were more frequent in older patients (50% of cases in &gt; 60 age group). Males comprised 60% of VRE cases. The highest number of VRE cases came from intensive care units (37.5%) and medical wards (25%), followed by surgical units (20%) and urology/nephrology (12.5%). Statistical analysis showed that VRE isolation was significantly associated with age &gt; 50 years (p = 0.01) and ICU admission (p = 0.02), whereas gender was not significantly associated (p = 0.40).</p> <p>Conclusions. <italic>vanA</italic> was the exclusive vancomycin resistance determinant in this hospital’s VRE isolates, underscoring that high-level vancomycin resistance in enterococci is primarily mediated by the <italic>vanA</italic> gene in our setting. The dominance of <italic>vanA</italic>-positive VRE in urine samples highlights the urinary tract as a common site of VRE infection. Our findings emphasize the need for vigilant antimicrobial stewardship and infection control measures to prevent the spread of <italic>vanA</italic>-mediated VRE. This first report from Lahore on molecular VRE typing aligns with regional data and reinforces that continuous surveillance of resistance genes is crucial for guiding effective infection control policies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Ванкомицин-резистентные энтерококки (ВРЭ) являются критически важными внутрибольничными патогенами с ограниченными возможностями лечения. Была исследована распространенность генов резистентности к ванкомицину в изолятах энтерококков из больницы Шейха Зайда в Лахоре с анализом ведущего механизма резистентности к ванкомицину.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Было исследовано 9000 клинических образцов (моча, кровь, гной и другие биологические жидкости), в результате чего было получено 437 изолятов энтерококков, выявлявшихся стандартными микробиологическими методами. Резистентность к ванкомицину подтверждалась фенотипически, с проведением во всех изолятах ВРЭ полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) для выявления генов резистентности к ванкомицину <italic>vanA</italic>, <italic>vanB</italic>, <italic>vanC</italic> и <italic>vanD</italic>. Были собраны демографические данные пациентов и сведения об источнике инфекции. Для оценки взаимосвязи между наличием ВРЭ и характеристиками пациентов (возраст, пол, отделение больницы), был проведен статистический анализ (критерий хи-квадрат).</p> <p>Результаты. Из 437 энтерококк-положительных культур, 40 изолятов (9,1%) были подтверждены как ВРЭ. Все 40 изолятов ВРЭ (100%) содержали ген <italic>vanA</italic>, в то время как гены <italic>vanB</italic>, <italic>vanC</italic> или <italic>vanD</italic> не обнаружены. Образцы мочи были основным источником ВРЭ: в них обнаружено 85% всех изолятов, положительных на <italic>vanA</italic>. Остальные изоляты были выделены из гноя, крови и иного биоматериала. Медианный возраст пациентов составлял 58 лет (диапазон 5–85), а ВРЭ чаще обнаруживались у пациентов старшего возраста (50% случаев в возрастной группе &gt; 60 лет); в 60% случаев — у мужчин. Наибольшее количество случаев выявления ВРЭ было зарегистрировано в отделениях интенсивной терапии (37,5%) и терапевтических отделениях (25%), за которыми следовали хирургические (20%) и урологические/нефрологические отделения (12,5%). Статистический анализ показал, что выделение ВРЭ было достоверно связано с возрастом &gt; 50 лет (p = 0,01) и поступлением в отделение интенсивной терапии (p = 0,02), тогда как пол пациентов не имел существенного значения (p = 0,40).</p> <p>Выводы. Единственным геном резистентности к ванкомицину в изолятах ВРЭ, выделенных в больнице Шейха Зайда в Лахоре, был ген <italic>vanA</italic>, и именно с ним связан высокий уровень резистентности к ванкомицину у энтерококков в указанном регионе. Доминирование <italic>vanA</italic>-положительных ВРЭ в образцах мочи указывает на мочевыводящие пути как на наиболее распространенную локализацию инфекций, обусловленных ВРЭ. Наши результаты подчеркивают необходимость тщательного контроля за применением антибиотиков и мер по борьбе с инфекциями для предотвращения распространения ВРЭ, опосредованных геном <italic>vanA</italic>. Представленный в статье первый отчет из Лахора о молекулярном типировании ВРЭ согласуется с региональными данными и подтверждает, что непрерывный мониторинг генов резистентности имеет решающее значение для разработки эффективной политики инфекционного контроля.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vancomycin resistant enterococci</kwd><kwd>vanA gene</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>Pakistan</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ванкомицинрезистентные энтерококки</kwd><kwd>ген vanA</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>Пакистан</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Исследовательский фонд больницы шейха Зайда</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Research Fund of Sheikh Zayd Hospital</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Research Fund of Sheikh Zayd Hospital, Lahore.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Эта работа была поддержана Исследовательским фондом больницы шейха Зайда, Лахор.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Acharya Y., Dhanda G., Sarkar P., Haldar J. 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