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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18024</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-EOE-18024</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of efflux pump-mediated multidrug resistance in <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> clinical isolates</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фенотипические и генотипические профили множественной лекарственной устойчивости, опосредованной эффлюксными насосами, в клинических изолятах <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ullah</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Улла</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.Phil, Student, Department of Health and Biological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр, аспирант, кафедра наук о здоровье и биологических наук</p></bio><email>abdulshinwari4@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashir</surname><given-names>Kashif</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башир</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lecturer, Department of Health and Biological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель, кафедра наук о здоровье и биологических наук</p></bio><email>kashif.bashir@abasyn.edu.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Abdul Waheed</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>Абдул Вахид</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><email>awk780@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Moheb</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>Мохеб</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="CN">China</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Scholar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>moheb.khan24@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tariq</surname><given-names>Zarkish</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарик</surname><given-names>З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student, Department of Zoology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, кафедра зоологии</p></bio><email>zarkishtariq8090@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3872-4167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Falak</surname><given-names>Niaz</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фалак</surname><given-names>Ниаз</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.Phil, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр, факультет реабилитационных и смежных медицинских наук</p></bio><email>falaknaz@riphah.ede.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rehman</surname><given-names>Faiz Ur</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рехман</surname><given-names>Фаиз Ур</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.Phil, Lecturer, Department of Zoology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр, преподаватель, кафедра зоологии</p></bio><email>faiz02140@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Abasyn University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Абасин</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biotechnology &amp; Microbiology, Bacha Khan University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биотехнологии и микробиологии, Университет Бача Хана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр циркадных ритмов, Сучжоуский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Riphah International University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международный университет Рифа, кампус Малаканд</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Government Superior Science College</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный высший научный колледж</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>288</fpage><lpage>296</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-27"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-05"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Ullah A., Bashir K., Khan A., Khan M., Tariq Z., Falak N., Rehman F.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Улла А., Башир К., Хан А., Хан М., Тарик З., Фалак Н., Рехман Ф.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ullah A., Bashir K., Khan A., Khan M., Tariq Z., Falak N., Rehman F.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Улла А., Башир К., Хан А., Хан М., Тарик З., Фалак Н., Рехман Ф.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18024">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18024</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> is an opportunistic pathogen of major global health concern, due to its increasing multidrug resistance (MDR). One of the principal mechanism contributing to its MDR phenotype is the overexpression of efflux pump systems, particularly the MexAB-OprM complex. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and phenotypic and genotypic profiles of efflux pump-mediated resistance in <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> clinical isolates. A total of one hundred clinical specimens were collected from patients admitted to Al-Khidmat Hospital, Peshawar. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed against ten antibiotics using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Efflux pump activity was assessed using the ethidium bromide-agar cartwheel method, while the presence of the <italic>mexA </italic>and <italic>mexB</italic> genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Forty percent of clinical specimens yielded bacterial growth, with <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> isolates more prevalent in males (54%). High resistance rates were observed against ceftazidime (82%), ciprofloxacin (70%), cefepime (61%), and levofloxacin (66%), whereas higher susceptibility was recorded for imipenem (76%), amikacin (73%), gentamicin (70%), and colistin (100%). Among the isolates, 62.5% were classified as MDR, of which 68% demonstrated phenotypic efflux pump activity. Genotypic analysis revealed that 71% and 82% of MDR isolates harbored the <italic>mexA</italic> and <italic>mexB</italic> genes, respectively. These findings indicate a strong association between efflux pump overexpression and the MDR phenotype in <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. The high prevalence of <italic>mexA</italic> and <italic>mexB</italic> genes supports the major contribution of the MexAB-OprM efflux system to antimicrobial resistance in these clinical isolates. This study underscores the importance of routine molecular surveillance and suggests that efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), in combination with conventional antibiotics, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the need for strengthened antibiotic stewardship and targeted resistance monitoring to effectively manage MDR <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> — условно-патогенный микроорганизм, представляющий существенную мировую угрозу для здоровья, главным образом из-за растущей мультирезистентности к антибиотикам. Одним из основных механизмов, способствующих развитию фенотипа множественной лекарственной устойчивости (МЛУ), является гиперэкспрессия систем эффлюксных насосов, в частности комплекса mexAB-OprM. Целью данного исследования была оценка распространенности, чувствительности к антибиотикам, а также определение фенотипических и генотипических профилей резистентности, опосредованных эффлюксными насосами, в клинических изолятах <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. На чувствительность к 10 антибиотикам с применением метода Кирби–Бауэра было изучены 100 клинических образцов из больницы Аль-Хидмат. Активность эффлюксных насосов оценивали методом метод «колеса тележки» на агаре с бромидом этидия (EtBr). Генотипическое определение генов <italic>mexA</italic> и <italic>mexB</italic> проводили методом ПЦР. В 40% клинических образцов наблюдался рост бактерий, при этом изоляты <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> чаще встречались у мужчин (54%). Высокий уровень резистентности наблюдался к нескольким распространенным антибиотикам, в частности к цефалоспоринам, фторхинолонам, цефтазидиму (82%), ципрофлоксацину (70%), цефепиму (61%) и левофлоксацину (66%). В отличие от этого, имипенем (76%), амикацин (73%) и гентамицин (70%), а также колистин (100%) продемонстрировали сравнительно более высокую чувствительность. Среди изолятов 62,5% были классифицированы как мультирезистентные штаммы (MDR). Примечательно, что 68% MDR-изолятов проявляли фенотипическую активность эффлюксных насосов. Генотипический анализ подтвердил широкую представленность генов эффлюксных насосов: 71 и 82% MDR-изолятов были положительными на наличие генов <italic>mexA</italic> и <italic>mexB</italic> соответственно. Гиперэкспрессия эффлюксных насосов, особенно MexA и MexB, является главным фактором развития множественной лекарственной устойчивости (МЛУ) у <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. Выраженная представленность этих генов служит убедительным генетическим доказательством того, что система эффлюкса mexAB-OprM является доминирующим механизмом резистентности. Полученные результаты подчеркивают необходимость рутинного молекулярного мониторинга активности эффлюксных насосов в клинической диагностике и указывают на терапевтический потенциал ингибиторов эффлюксных насосов (ИЭН). Комбинирование антибиотиков без устойчивости, таких как ципрофлоксацин или цефтазидим, с ИЭН может восстановить их эффективность и расширить возможности лечения инфекций с МЛУ. В целом результаты подчеркивают важность рационального использования антибиотиков, целенаправленного мониторинга резистентности и разработки комбинаций ИЭН-антибиотиков в качестве перспективных стратегий борьбы с резистентными <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multidrug resistance</kwd><kwd>antibiotic susceptibility testing</kwd><kwd>MexAB-OprM complex</kwd><kwd>hospital-acquired infections</kwd><kwd>bacterial disease</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>множественная лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>тестирование чувствительности к антибиотикам</kwd><kwd>комплекс mexAB-OprM</kwd><kwd>внутрибольничные инфекции</kwd><kwd>бактериальные заболевания</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abdallah A.L., El Azawy D.S., Mohammed H.A., El Maghraby H.M. 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