<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18021</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-HSB-18021</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY, BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION: A FOCUS ON ABO BLOOD GROUPS AND HEPATIC INDICATORS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ВОСПРИИМЧИВОСТЬ, БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ И ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ПРИ ИНФЕКЦИИ TOXOPLASMA GONDII: РОЛЬ ГРУПП КРОВИ ABO И ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ФУНКЦИИ ПЕЧЕНИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hussein</surname><given-names>Mohammed Ubaid</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хусейн</surname><given-names>Мохаммед Убайд</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>academic degree: PhD </p>
<p>academic title assistant prof</p>
<p>tenure 20 </p>
<p>Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра физиологии и медицинской физики, медицинский колледж, Университет Анбара, Аль-Анбар, Ирак</p></bio><email>dr.mohamed.o.hussen@uoanbar.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yassen Aldossary</surname><given-names>Ahmed Talib</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яссен Альдоссари</surname><given-names>Ахмед Талиб</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>academic degree: PhD </p>
<p>academic title teacher</p>
<p>tenure 22</p>
<p>College of Medicine ,Department of Physiology, University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Медицинский колледж, кафедра физиологии, Университет Анбара, Аль-Анбар, Ирак</p></bio><email>med.ahmad.yaseen@uoanbar.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Faez</surname><given-names>Samaa</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фаэз</surname><given-names>Самаа</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>academic degree: master</p>
<p>academic title teacher</p>
<p>Department of Pathological Analysis, collage of science, university of Thi-Qar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ученая степень: магистр</p>
<p>научное звание: преподаватель</p>
<p>Кафедра патологического анализа, Колледж естественных наук, Университет Ти-Кар</p></bio><email>samaa.faez@sci.utq.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Анбара, Аль-Анбар, Ирак</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Thi-Qar</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Ти-Кар</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-23"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-18"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , hussen m.o., Younus M.I., Yassen Aldossary A.T., Nawaf s.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , hussen m., Younus M., Yassen Aldossary A., Nawaf s.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">hussen m.o., Younus M.I., Yassen Aldossary A.T., Nawaf s.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">hussen m., Younus M., Yassen Aldossary A., Nawaf s.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18021">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18021</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold> <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. <bold>Objectives</bold>: This study investigated the association between toxoplasmosis infection and potential risk factors such as animal contact and blood type, in addition to analyzing selected serum biochemical parameters. <bold>Methods</bold>: between <bold>December 2022 and May 2023</bold> in <bold>Baghdad, Iraq</bold>, and involved <bold>pregnant women aged between 21 and 25 years</bold>. A total of <bold>134 venous blood samples</bold> were collected from participants attending medical centers and maternity units in the city. <bold>Results:</bold> demonstrated that there was <bold>no statistically significant association</bold> between toxoplasmosis and interaction with animals (p &gt; 0.05), indicating that animal contact alone may not be a sufficient risk factor in the studied population. Interestingly, <bold>blood type emerged as the only variable showing a statistically significant positive association</bold> with <italic>T. gondii</italic> infection, suggesting a possible genetic or immunological predisposition related to certain blood groups. Furthermore, although not statistically significant, infected individuals displayed <bold>slightly lower mean serum levels of liver enzymes</bold> — aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to non-infected controls. <bold>Conclusion</bold>: This finding can indirectly suggest the possible slight, hepatic involvement in latent or chronic toxoplasmosis and justifies further research. These results help us further understand the pathogenesis and epidemiology of toxoplasmosis and why there must be more information about its prevention on the population level, particularly among receptive aged people. These factors should be addressed to avoid negative effects and secure the health of next generations who can contribute to the country development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Toxoplasma gondii — облигатный внутриклеточный простейший паразит, инфицирующий почти всех теплокровных животных, включая человека. Цели: В настоящем исследовании была изучена связь между токсоплазмозом и потенциальными факторами риска, такими как контакт с животными и группами крови человека, а также проанализирован ряд биохимических параметров сыворотки крови. Методы: Исследование беременных женщин в возрасте от 21 до 25 лет проводилось в период с декабря 2022 по май 2023 года в Багдаде, Ирак. Всего было собрано 134 образца венозной крови женщин, посещавших медицинские центры и родильные отделения города. Результаты: Было показано, что между токсоплазмозом и контактом с животными не обнаружено (p &gt; 0,05) статистически значимой связи, что указывает на то, что для оценки риска в исследуемой популяции одного лишь контакта с животными может быть недостаточно. Важно, что группа крови человека оказалась единственным параметром со статистически значимой положительной связью с инфекцированием T. gondii, что предполагает возможную генетическую или иммунологическую предрасположенность с определенными группами крови. Кроме того, хотя статистически значимых различий не выявлено, у инфицированных лиц наблюдались более низкие средние уровни сывороточных ферментов печени — аспартатаминотрансферазы (АСТ), аланинаминотрансферазы (АЛТ) и щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ) — по сравнению с неинфицированными лицами контрольной группы. Вывод: Полученные данные косвенно указывают на возможное умеренное поражение печени при латентном или хроническом токсоплазмозе и обосновывают необходимость проведения дальнейших исследований. Эти результаты помогают лучше понять патогенез и эпидемиологию токсоплазмоза и обосновывают необходимость улучшения понимания по профилактике токсоплазмоза на популяционном уровне, особенно среди восприимчивых пожилых людей. Указанные факторы следует учитывать, чтобы избегать негативные последствия и обеспечивать здоровье будущих поколений, которые могут внести свой вклад в развитие страны.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Toxoplasma gondii</kwd><kwd>Blood Group</kwd><kwd>Abortion</kwd><kwd>Liver Function</kwd><kwd>pregnant women</kwd><kwd>Physical changes.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Toxoplasma gondii</kwd><kwd>группа крови</kwd><kwd>аборт</kwd><kwd>функция печени</kwd><kwd>беременные женщины</kwd><kwd>физические изменения.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alghamdi J, Elamin MH, Alhabib S. Prevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii among Saudi pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2016 Nov;24(6):645-651.	10.1016/j.jsps.2015.05.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Mosawi R. Diagnostic study of Toxoplasma gondii in students of Thi-Qar University-Iraq by Real-Time PCR. Univ Thi-Qar J Sci. 2015;5(2):9-16.	10.32792/utq/utjsci/v5i2.106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Alvarado-Esquivel C, Torres-Berumen JL, Estrada-Martínez S, Liesenfeld O, Mercado-Suarez MF. Toxoplasma gondii infection and liver disease: a case-control study. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:75.	10.1186/1756-3305-4-75</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Alzaheb RA, Al-Amer O. The seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among female undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. Oman Med J. 2017;32(6):486-491.	10.5001/omj.2017.93</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Altman DG, Bland JM. Diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic plots. BMJ. 1994;309(6948):188.	10.1136/bmj.309.6948.188</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Barzgar G, Ahmadpour E, Kohansal MH, Mehrani Moghaddam S, Jafari Koshki T, Barac A, Nissapatorn V, Paul AK, Micić J. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2024;18(1):60-65.	10.3855/jidc.17832</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Cooling L. Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):801-870.	10.1128/CMR.00109-14</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>de Mattos LC. Structural diversity and biological importance of ABO, H, Lewis and secretor histo-blood group carbohydrates. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2016;38(4):331-340.	10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.07.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2021.	10.1201/9781003199373</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Elmahallawy EK et al. Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii in equines in Northern Egypt. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1561145.	10.3389/fvets.2025.1561145</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Farhab M et al. Review of toxoplasmosis: what we still need to do. Vet Sci. 2025;12(8):772.	10.3390/vetsci12080772</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Feustel SM et al. Toxoplasma gondii and the blood-brain barrier. Virulence. 2012;3(2):182-192.	10.4161/viru.19004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Flegr J, Escudero DQ. Impaired health status in Toxoplasma-seropositive subjects. Parasitology. 2016;143:1974-1989.	10.1017/S0031182016001785</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Foroutan M et al. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in hemodialysis patients in Iran. Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018016.	10.4178/epih.e2018016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Foroutan-Rad M et al. Toxoplasmosis in blood donors: systematic review. Transfus Med Rev. 2016;30(3):116-122.	10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.03.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Gong Y Jr, Wang T. Toxoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a liver transplant recipient. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e71843.	10.7759/cureus.71843</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hajian-Tilaki K. ROC curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation. Caspian J Intern Med. 2013;4(2):627-635.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hill D, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8(10):634-640.	10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Khamees HH, Fahad MA. Impact of ABO blood group on COVID-19. Arch Razi Inst. 2023;78(4):1193-1201.	10.32592/ARI.2023.78.4.1193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. Evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):18-35.	10.1038/ajg.2016.517</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Layton J et al. Severe toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent hosts. Pathogens. 2023;12(4):543.	10.3390/pathogens12040543</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Magboul AM et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection and ABO blood group. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:1375-1381.	10.2147/IJWH.S419740</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Mayada Nazar Jabbar AL-Khafaji et al. Occurrence of toxoplasmosis in Baquba City. Tikrit J Pure Sci. 2020;25(1):34-41.	10.25130/tjps.v25i1.210</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Mironov AA et al. Mechanisms of antibodies against blood group antigens. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(20):15044.	10.3390/ijms242015044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Mohsen RT et al. Blood group and liver function parameters in pregnant women infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Samarra J Pure Appl Sci. 2023;5(3):121-127.	10.54153/sjpas.2023.v5i3.538</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 2004;363(9425):1965-1976.	10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16412-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Nayeri T et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection and ABO blood groups. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2024;118(4):234-246.	10.1093/trstmh/trad085</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Neves ES et al. Acute acquired toxoplasmosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104:393-396.	10.1590/S0074-02762009000200039</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Pérez-Álamos AR et al. ABO and Rh blood groups and toxoplasmosis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol. 2024;14(1):44-49.	10.1556/1886.2023.00052</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(2):264-296.	10.1128/CMR.05013-11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Roderick P. Liver function tests: defining what's normal. BMJ. 2004;328(7446):987.	10.1136/bmj.38055.451968.55</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Salari N et al. Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25:90.	10.1186/s12884-025-07182-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Sibley LD. Apicomplexan parasites movement. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2010;21(5):592-598.	10.1016/j.copbio.2010.05.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Z et al. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1381537.	10.3389/fcimb.2024.1381537</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
