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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18014</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-HOG-18014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Halotolerance of gut yeasts as a potential virulence factor</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Галотолерантность кишечных дрожжей как потенциальный фактор вирулентности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-3899</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6407-5402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokopiev</surname><given-names>Vasily V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокопьев</surname><given-names>Василий Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Associate Professor, Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Microbiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент, доцент кафедры медицинской микробиологии, врач — медицинский микробиолог</p></bio><email>prokopievvv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Altai State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Алтайский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory “Zdorovie”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО КДЛ «Здоровье»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-19"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Prokopiev V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Прокопьев В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Prokopiev V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Прокопьев В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18014">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18014</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the substantial significance of yeasts in biotechnology and medicine, the number of well-described fungal species remains limited, with their ecological and pathogenic roles still being uncovered. Halotolerance, a key aspect of osmotolerance, is considered a potential virulence factor that promotes microbial survival in the environment and within the host, particularly by resisting phagocytic oxidative and ionic stress. This study aimed to investigate and quantitatively compare the halotolerance of the most common gut-associated yeasts. There were analyzed 78 clinical strains of six species: <italic>Candida albicans, Pichia kudriavzevii, Geotrichum candidum, Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon ovoides, </italic>and <italic>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</italic>. Strains were cultivated in Sabouraud broth with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 20% at two temperatures, 25°C and 35°C. Growth was measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm after 96 hours of incubation. A second-degree polynomial regression model, implemented using Python programming language, was applied to analyze the non-linear growth response to salinity and to identify precise inflection points, indicating critical tolerance thresholds where growth inhibition dynamics shifted. The results revealed significant species-specific differences.<italic> G. candidum</italic> and<italic> P. kudriavzevii</italic> were the least tolerant (inflection points ~6.2% and ~8.5% NaCl at 25°C, respectively).<italic> C. albicans</italic> and<italic> R. mucilaginosa</italic> exhibited moderate tolerance, while Trichosporon spp. demonstrated exceptional halotolerance, maintaining growth potential at concentrations exceeding 15% NaCl. A notable synergistic effect of combined osmotic and temperature stress was observed for most species, with reduced tolerance at physiological temperature. These findings indicate that pronounced halotolerance may serve as an important virulence factor for opportunistic pathogens, likely enhancing their persistence in the host environment and potentially contributing to cross-resistance mechanisms against antifungal agents through shared adaptive responses to cellular stress.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Несмотря на существенную значимость дрожжей в биотехнологии, биоинженерии и медицине, число детально изученных грибов не превышает нескольких десятков. Для оценки роли дрожжевых микромицетов в типе их взаимодействия с человеком необходимо всестороннее изучение их факторов патогенности и физиологических особенностей. Галотолерантность, будучи физиологической особенностью микроорганизмов, может рассматриваться как потенциальный фактор вирулентности, способствующий выживанию микробов в организме хозяина, где они противостоят осмотическому стрессу внутри фагосом и в воспалительной среде пораженных тканей. Она также способствует устойчивости к противогрибковым препаратам. Цель работы — исследовать и количественно сравнить галотолерантность наиболее распространенных дрожжевых микромицетов, ассоциированных с кишечником человека.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Исследовали 78 штаммов шести видов дрожжей:<italic> Candida albicans, Pichia kudriavzevii, Geotrichum candidum, Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon ovoides, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</italic>. Их рост оценивали в бульоне Сабуро с концентрацией NaCl от 0,5 до 20% при двух температурах (25 и 35°C). Оптическую плотность измеряли через 96 часов. Для анализа зависимости роста от концентрации соли при помощи языка программирования Python была создана математическая модель полиномиальной регрессии второй степени.</p> <p>Результаты. Выявлены значительные видоспецифические различия в галотолерантности. Все виды показали снижение скорости роста с увеличением концентрации соли и нелинейный характер ингибирования при высоких концентрациях NaCl. Наименьшую устойчивость показали<italic> G. candidum</italic> и<italic> P. kudriavzevii</italic>.<italic> C. albicans</italic> и<italic> R. mucilaginosa</italic> продемонстрировали среднюю толерантность. Наибольшей галотолерантностью обладали виды рода <italic>Trichosporo</italic>n. Для большинства видов отмечался синергизм осмотического и температурного стресса.</p> <p>Выводы. Показано, что галотолерантность широко варьирует среди кишечных дрожжей. Высокая устойчивость к осмотическому стрессу, выявленная у <italic>Trichosporon</italic> spp. и<italic> C. albicans</italic>, позволяет рассматривать ее как важный фактор вирулентности, способствующий персистенции в организме хозяина и, возможно, обеспечивающий перекрестную устойчивость к антимикотикам.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>halotolerance</kwd><kwd>osmotic stress</kwd><kwd>ascomycetous yeasts</kwd><kwd>basidiomycetous yeasts</kwd><kwd>polynomial regression</kwd><kwd>gut mycobiota</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>галотолерантность</kwd><kwd>осмотический стресс</kwd><kwd>аскомицетные дрожжи</kwd><kwd>базидиомицетные дрожжи</kwd><kwd>полиномиальная регрессия</kwd><kwd>микобиота кишечника</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Прокопьев В.В., Куклина Н.В., Емельянова И.В., Звездкина Г.С. 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