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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18009</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-ROC-18009</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Regulation of <italic>Clostridiodes difficile</italic> CRISPR-Cas system by biofilm-associated factors and glucose</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Регуляция системы CRISPR-Cas патогенной бактерии <italic>Clostridiodes difficile</italic> факторами, ассоциированными с биопленкой, и глюкозой</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maikova</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майкова</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Researcher, Laboratory for Molecular Genetics of Pathogens, Researcher, Research Complex “Nanobiotechnologies”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной генетики патогенных микроорганизмов, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского комплекса «Нанобиотехнологии»</p></bio><email>ann-maikova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polev</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полев</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Head of the Metagenomic Research Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник, руководитель группы метагеномных исследований</p></bio><email>ann-maikova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khodorkovskii</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ходорковский</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Physics and Mathematics), Head of the Research Complex “Nanobiotechnologies”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н., директор научно-исследовательского комплекса «Нанобиотехнологии»</p></bio><email>ann-maikova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1071</fpage><lpage>1079</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-17"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Maikova A.S., Polev D.E., Khodorkovskii M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Майкова А.С., Полев Д.Е., Ходорковский М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maikova A.S., Polev D.E., Khodorkovskii M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Майкова А.С., Полев Д.Е., Ходорковский М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18009">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/18009</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Clostridioides difficile</italic> is a spore-forming enteropathogenic anaerobic bacterium and one of the most common opportunistic human pathogens. Its pathogenicity relies on the production of toxins, sporulation, biofilm formation, and the ability to withstand numerous stresses encountered in the host environment. In addition to these well-known mechanisms, <italic>C. difficile</italic> possesses a remarkably complex CRISPR-Cas system characterized by two <italic>cas</italic> operons and multiple CRISPR arrays. While CRISPR-Cas systems are primarily studied as adaptive immune mechanisms against bacteriophages and mobile genetic elements, accumulating evidence suggests they may also be integrated into broader regulatory networks that contribute to bacterial physiology, adaptation, and virulence. However, the regulation and functional dynamics of this system in <italic>C. difficile</italic> remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the regulation of the <italic>C. difficile</italic> CRISPR-Cas system under biofilm-inducing factors. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed the induction of several CRISPR arrays and the partial <italic>cas</italic> operon under high intracellular levels of the secondary messenger cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate, a key regulator of bacterial phenotypic shifts. These results were partially confirmed by interference efficiency assays. A secondary bile salt, sodium deoxycholate, known to trigger biofilm formation, also increased both <italic>cas</italic> operons and one CRISPR array expression, suggesting its role for CRISPR-Cas system regulation during host-associated stress Moreover we identified glucose as a regulatory factor for <italic>C. difficile</italic> CRISPR-Cas system. Elevated glucose concentration in the medium induced the expression of the partial <italic>cas</italic> operon and CRISPR 3–4 arrays. However, at the same time it functionally suppressed the interference efficiency of the system. Together, our findings demonstrate that the <italic>C. difficile</italic> CRISPR-Cas system is responsive to biofilm-inducing signals and nutrient availability, linking its regulation to key aspects of bacterial physiology and adaptation to the host. This work also highlights the potential for non-canonical regulatory roles of CRISPR-Cas in <italic>C. difficile</italic> survival and pathogenesis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Clostridioides difficile</italic> — анаэробная спорообразующая энтеропатогенная бактерия, являющаяся одним из наиболее распространенных оппортунистических патогенов человека. Ее патогенность обусловлена продукцией токсинов, споруляцией, формированием биопленок и способностью противостоять множественным стрессовым воздействиям внутри организма-хозяина. Помимо этих хорошо известных механизмов, <italic>C. difficile</italic> обладает довольно сложной системой CRISPR-Cas, включающей в себя два <italic>cas</italic>-оперона и множество CRISPR-кассет. Хотя системы CRISPR-Cas преимущественно исследуются с точки зрения их функций адаптивных иммунных механизмов против бактериофагов и других мобильных генетических элементов, накапливающиеся данные свидетельствуют о том, что эти системы также могут быть включены в другие внутриклеточные процессы, участвующие в регуляции физиологии, адаптации и вирулентности бактерий. Однако регуляция и функциональная динамика системы CRISPR-Cas у <italic>C. difficile</italic> остаются в значительной степени неизученными. В настоящем исследовании была изучена регуляция системы CRISPR-Cas у <italic>C. difficile</italic> под действием факторов, индуцирующих образование биопленок. При помощи метода количественной ПЦР была выявлена индукция нескольких CRISPR-кассет и неполного <italic>cas</italic>-оперона при высоких внутриклеточных уровнях циклического ди-гуанозинмонофосфата, вторичного мессенджера и ключевого регулятора перехода к неподвижному фенотипу у бактерий. Данные результаты были частично подтверждены экспериментами по эффективности интерференции. Другой фактор образования биопленок, вторичная желчная соль дезоксихолат натрия, также увеличивала экспрессию двух <italic>cas</italic>-оперонов и одной CRISPR-кассеты, что свидетельствует об ее возможной роли в регуляции данной системы CRISPR-Cas при стрессах, связанных с обитанием внутри организма-хозяина. Кроме того, в данной работе мы выявили, что глюкоза обладает регуляторным эффектом на систему CRISPR-Cas у <italic>C. difficile</italic>. Повышенная концентрация глюкозы в питательной среде индуцировала экспрессию неполного <italic>cas</italic>-оперона и CRISPR 3–4 кассет, но при этом подавляла функциональность данной системы на уровне эффективности интерференции. Таким образом, полученные результаты демонстрируют, что система CRISPR-Cas энтеропатогенной бактерии <italic>C. difficile</italic> реагирует на сигналы, индуцирующие образование биопленок, и на доступность питательных веществ на уровне экспрессии ее составных компонентов и на функциональном уровне. Полученные данные показывают возможную связь между регуляцией системы CRISPR-Cas и ключевыми аспектами физиологии этой бактерии, ее адаптацией к организму-хозяину. Настоящая работа также выявила потенциальное наличие неклассических функций у CRISPR-Cas системы <italic>C. difficile</italic>, которые могут играть важную роль в выживании и патогенезе <italic>C. difficile</italic>.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CRISPR-Cas</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas regulation</kwd><kwd>Clostridioides difficile</kwd><kwd>biofilms</kwd><kwd>cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate</kwd><kwd>sodium deoxycholate</kwd><kwd>glucose</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CRISPR-Cas</kwd><kwd>регуляция CRISPR-Cas</kwd><kwd>Clostridioides difficile</kwd><kwd>биопленки</kwd><kwd>циклический ди-гуанозинмонофосфат</kwd><kwd>дезоксихолат натрия</kwd><kwd>глюкоза</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Российский Научный Фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20-74-00052</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abe K., Nomura N., Suzuki S. 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